File name designinganalogchips.pdf

Copyright 2004, 2005 Hans Camenzind. February 2005 This book is can be downloaded without fee from www.designinganalogchips.com Re-publishing of any part or the whole is prohibited. The author is indebted to the following for comments, suggestions and corrections: Bob Pease, Jim Feit, Ted Bee, Jon Fischer, Tim Camenzind, Jules Jelinek, Brian Attwood, Ray Futrell, Beat Seeholzer, David Skurnik, Barry Schwartz, Dale Rebgetz, Tim Herklots, Jerry Gray, Paul Chic, Mark Leonard, Yut Chow, Gregory Weselak, Lars Jespersen and Wolfgang Horn. Camenzind: Designing Analog Chips Table of Contents Table of Contents Analog World 1 Devices Semiconductors The Diode The Bipolar Transistor The Integrated Circuit Integrated NPN Transistors The Case of the Lateral PNP Transistor CMOS Transistors The Substrate PNP Transistor Diodes Zener Diodes Resistors Capacitors Other Processes CMOS vs. Bipolar 2 Simulation What You Can Simulate DC Analysis AC Analysis Transient Analysis The Big Question of Variations Models The Diode Model The Bipolar Transistor Model The Model for the Lateral PNP Transistor MOS Transistor Models Resistor Models Models for Capacitors Pads and Pins Just How Accurate is a Model? 3 Current Mirrors 4 The Royal Differential Pair 5 Current Sources Bipolar CMOS The Ideal Current Source 6 Time Out: Analog Measures dB RMS Noise Fourier Analysis, Distortion Frequency Compensation 7 Bandgap References Low-Voltage Bandgap References 1-1 1-1 1-5 1-6 1-13 1-14 1-22 1-23 1-27 1-27 1-28 1-29 1-32 1-33 1-34 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-6 2-8 2-8 2-10 2-13 2-14 2-16 2-17 2-17 2-18 3-1 4-1 5-1 5-1 5-7 5-7 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-4 6-6 6-9 7-1 7-11 Edition February 2005 All rights reserved Camenzind: Designing Analog Chips Table of Contents CMOS Bandgap References 8 Op Amps Bipolar Op-Amps CMOS Op-Amps Auto-Zero Op-Amps 9 Comparators 10 Transconductance Amplifiers 11 Timers and Oscillators Simulation of Oscillators LC Oscillators Crystal Oscillators 12 Phase-Locked Loops 13 Filters Active Filters, Low-Pass High-Pass Filters Band-Pass Filters Switched-Capacitor Filters 14 Power Linear Regulators Low Drop-Out Regulators Switching Regulators Linear Power Amplifiers Switching Power Amplifiers 15 A to D and D to A Digital to Analog Converters Analog to Digital Converters The Delta-Sigma Converter 16 Odds and Ends Gilbert Cell Multipliers Peak Detectors Rectifiers and Averaging Circuits Thermometers Zero-Crossing Detectors 17 Layout Bipolar Transistors Lateral PNP Transistors Resistors CMOS Transistors Matching Cross-Unders Kelvin Connections Metal Runs and Ground Connections Back-Lapping and Gold-Plating DRC and LVS References Index 7-13 8-1 8-1 8-9 8-15 9-1 10-1 11-1 11-14 11-15 11-16 12-1 13-1 13-1 13-6 13-6 13-8 14-1 14-1 14-4 14-8 14-12 14-15 15-1 15-1 15-7 15-8 16-1 16-1 16-3 16-5 16-7 16-10 16-12 17-1 17-1 17-5 17-6 17-7 17-9 17-10 17-11 17-11 17-12 17-12 Edition February 2005 All rights reserved Camenzind: Designing Analog Chips Analog World Analog World "Everythin