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bq24400
Programmable NiCd/NiMH Fast-Charge Management Device
Features
Ø Safe management of fast charge for NiCd and NiMH battery packs. High-frequency switching controller for efficient and simple charger design Pre-charge qualification for detecting shorted, damaged, or overheated cells Fast-charge termination by peak voltahge (PVD), maximum temperature, and maximum charge time Selectable top-off mode for achieving maximum capacity in NiMH batteries Programmable trickle-charge mode for reviving deeply discharged batteries and for postcharge maintenance Built-in battery removal and insertion detection Sleep mode for low power consumption
General Description
The bq24400 is a programmable, monolithic IC for fast-charge management of nickel cadmium (NiCd) and nickel metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries. The bq24400 provides a number of charge termination criteria:
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Peak voltage, PVD (for NiCd and NiMH) Maximum temperature Maximum charge time
For safety, the bq24400 inhibits fast charge until the battery voltage and temperature are within user-defined limits. If the battery voltage is below the low-voltage threshold, the bq24400 uses trickle-charge to condition the battery. For NiMH batteries, the bq24400 provides an optional top-off charge to maximize the battery capacity. The integrated high-frequency comparator allows the bq24400 to be the basis for a complete, high-efficiency power-conversion circuit.
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Pin Connections
Pin Names
SNS VSS Current-sense input System ground Charge-status output Battery-voltage input TS RC VCC MOD Temperature-sense input Timer-program input Supply-voltage input Modulation-control output
SNS VSS LED BAT
1 2 3 4
8 7 6 5
MOD VCC RC TS
LED BAT
8-Pin DIP or Narrow SOIC or TSSOP
PN-2000.eps
SLUS498 -SEPTEMBER 2001
1
bq24400
Pin Descriptions
SNS Current-sense input Enables the bq24400 to sense the battery current via the voltage developed on this pin by an external sense-resistor connected in series with the battery pack. VSS LED System Ground Charge-status output Open-drain output that indicates the charging status by turning on, turning off, or flashing an external LED. BAT Battery-voltage input Battery-voltage sense input. A simple resistive divider, across the battery terminals, generates this input. TS Temperature-sense input Input for an external battery-temperature monitoring circuit. An external resistive divider network with a negative temperature-coefficient thermistor sets the lower and upper temperature thresholds.
TS
RC
Timer-program input RC input used to program the maximum charge-time, hold-off period, and trickle rate during the charge cycle, and to disable or enable top-off charge.
VCC MOD
Supply-voltage input Modulation-control output Push-pull output that controls the charging current to the battery. MOD switches high to enable charging current to flow and low to inhibit charging- current flow.
Functional Description
The bq24400 is a versatile, NiCd, NiMH battery- charge control device. See Figure 1 for a functional block diagram and Figure 2 for the state diagram.
Voltage Reference
Voltage Comparator
BAT
ADC
T/t ALU
OSC
Clock Phase Generator
Timer
Charge Control
LED
RC Internal OSC Voltage Comparator MOD
SNS
VCC
VSS
BD2000T.eps
Figure 1. Functional Block Diagram
2
bq24400
4.0 V
Charge Initialization V BAT
Battery Voltage (PVD checked at rate of MTO/64) V BAT
V MCV
V TS >V HTF Charge Suspended V TS < HTF V
Battery Temperature (checked 1,750 times per second)
V BAT V LTF Battery Conditioning V LBAT
V LBAT
V CC Reset No Maintenance Charge Top-Off Selected? Yes Time =MTO or V TS V MCV Done
Top-Off
V BAT >V MCV V CC Reset or Battery Replacement
UDG-01088
Figure 2. State Diagram
3
bq24400
Initiation and Charge Qualification
The bq24400 initiates a charge cycle when it detects
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Charge Termination Maximum Charge Time
The bq24400 sets the maximum charge-time through pin RC. With the proper selection of external resistor and capacitor, various time-out values may be achieved. Figure 3 shows a typical connection. The following equation shows the relationship between the RMTO and CMTO values and the maximum charge time (MTO) for the bq24400: MTO = RMTO CMTO 35,988 MTO is measured in minutes, RMTO in ohms, and CMTO in farads. (Note: RMTO and CMTO values also determine other features of the device. See Tables 2 and 3 for details.)
Application of power to VCC Battery replacement Exit from sleep mode
Immediately following initiation, the IC enters a charge-qualification mode. The bq24400 charge qualification is based on battery voltage and temperature. If voltage on pin BAT is less than the internal threshold, VLBAT , the bq24400 enters the charge-pending state. This condition indicates the possiblility of a defective or shorted battery pack. In an attempt to revive a fully depleted pack, the bq24400 enables the MOD pin to trickle-charge at a rate of once every 1.0s. As explained in the section "Top-Off and Pulse-Trickle Charge," the trickle pulse-width is user-selectable and is set by the value of the resistance connected to pin RC. During this period, the LED pin blinks at a 1Hz rate, indicating the pending status of the charger. Similarly, the bq24400 suspends fast charge if the battery temperature is outside the VLTF to VHTF range. (See Table 4.) For safety reasons, however, it disables the pulse trickle, in the case of a battery over-temperature condition (i.e., VTS < VHTF). Fast charge begins when the battery temperature and voltage are valid.
Maximum Temperature
A negative-coefficient thermistor, referenced to VSS and placed in thermal contact with the battery, may be used as a temperature-sensing device. Figure 4 shows a typical temperature-sensing circuit. During fast charge, the bq24400 compares the battery temperature to an internal high-temperature cutoff threshold, VTCO. As shown in Table 4, high-temperature termination occurs when voltage at pin TS is less than this threshold.
NiCd and NiMH Batteries
Following qualification, the bq24400 fast-charges NiCd or NiMH batteries using a current-limited algorithm. During the fast-charge period, it monitors charge time, temperature, and voltage for adherence to the termination criteria. This monitoring is further explained in later sections. Following fast charge, the battery is topped off, if top-off is selected. The charging cycle ends with a trickle maintenance-charge that continues as long as the voltage on pin BAT remains below VMCV.
Peak Voltage
The bq24400 uses a peak-voltage detection (PVD) scheme to terminate fast charge for NiCd and NiMH batteries. The bq24400 continuously samples the voltage on the BAT pin, representing the battery voltage, and triggers the peak detection feature if this value falls below the maximum sampled value by as much as 3.8 mV (PVD). As shown in figure 5, a resistor voltage-divider between the battery pack's positive terminal and VSS scales the battery voltage measured at pin BAT. The resistor values RB1 And RB2 are calculated by the following equation:
Table 1. Charge Algorithm
Battery Chemistry Charge Algorithm 1. Charge qualification 2. Trickle charge, if required 3. Fast charge (constant current) 4. Charge termination (T/t, time) 5. Top-off (optional) 6. Trickle charge
NiCd or NiMH
4
bq24400
2
VSS
VCC
7 CMTO
bq24400 bq2000T
RC 6
RMTO
F2000T RCI.eps
Figure 3. Typical Connection for the RC Input
VCC
2
VSS
bq24400 bq2000T
VCC
7 RT1
TS
5 N Battery T Pack C
RT2
F2000TTMC.eps
Figure 4. Temperature Monitoring Configuration
BAT+
2
VSS
bq24400 bq2000T
RB1
4
BAT RB2
F2000TBVD.eps
Figure 5. Battery Voltage Divider
5
bq24400
Table 2. Summary of NiCd or NiMH Charging Characteristics
Parameter Maximum cell voltage (VMCV) Minimum pre-charge qualification voltage (VLBAT) High-temperature cutoff voltage (VTCO) High-temperature fault voltage (VHTF) Low-temperature fault voltage (VLTF) bq24400 fast-charge maximum time out (MTO) Fast-charge charging current (IMAX) Hold-off period Top-off charging current (optional) Top-off period (optional) Trickle-charge frequency 2V 950mV 0.225 VCC 0.25 VCC 0.5 VCC RMTO CMTO 35,988 0.05/RSNS MTO/32 IMAX/16 MTO 1Hz Value
Table 3. Temperature-Monitoring Conditions
Temperature VTS > VLTF VHTF < VTS < VLTF VTS < VHTF VTS < VTCO Condition Cold battery--checked at all times Optimal operating range Action Suspends fast charge or top-off and timer Allows trickle charge--LED flashes at 1Hz rate during pre-charge qualification and fast charge Allows charging
Suspends fast-charge initiation, does not allow Hot battery--checked during charge qualifitrickle charge--LED flashes at 1Hz rate during cation and top-off and trickle-charge pre-charge qualification Battery exceeding maximum allowable temTerminates fast charge or top-off perature--checked at all times R B1 = N-1 R B2
Table 4. Charge Status Display
Charge Action State Battery absent Pre-charge qualification Trickle charge (before fast charge) Fast charging Top-off or trickle Charge complete Sleep mode Charge suspended (VTS > VLTF) LED Status High impedance 1Hz flash 1Hz flash Low High impedance High impedance High impedance 1Hz flash
where N is the number of cells in series. The end-to-end input impedance of this resistive divider network should be at least 200kW and no more than 1MW.
Initial Hold-Off Period
The values of the external resistor and capacitor connected to pin RC set the initial hold-off period. During this period, the bq24400 avoids early termination by disabling the T/t feature. This period is fixed at the programmed value of the maximum charge time divided by 32. hold-off period = maximum time - out 32
Top-Off and Pulse-Trickle Charge
6
bq24400
Top-off may be desirable on batteries that have a tendency to terminate charge before reaching full capacity. To enable this option, the capacitance value of CMTO connected to pin RC (Figure 3) should be greater than 0.13µF, and the value of the resistor connected to this pin should be less than 15k. To disable top-off, the capacitance value should be less than 0.07µF. The tolerance of the capacitor needs to be taken into account in component selection. Once enabled, the top-off is performed over a period equal to the maximum charge time at a rate of 1 16 that of fast charge. Following top-off, the bq24400 trickle-charges the battery by enabling the MOD to charge at a rate of once every 1.0 second. The trickle pulse-width is user-selectable and is set by the value of the resistor RMTO, which is on pin RC. Figure 6 shows the relationship between the trickle pulse-width and the value of RMTO. The typical tolerance of the pulsewidth below 150k is ±10%. During top-off and trickle-charge, the bq24400 monitors battery voltage and temperature. These functions are suspended if the battery voltage rises above the maximum cell voltage (V MCV ) or if the temperature exceeds the high-temperature fault threshold (VHTF).
Charge Current Control
The bq24400 controls the charge current through the MOD output pin. The current-control circuit supports a switching-current regulator with frequencies up to 500kHz. The bq24400 monitors charge current at the SNS input by the voltage drop across a sense-resistor, RSNS, in series with the battery pack. See Figure 8 for a typical current-sensing circuit. RSNS is sized to provide the desired fast-charge current (IMAX): IMAX = 0.05 RSNS
If the voltage at the SNS pin is greater than VSNSLO or less than VSNSHI, the bq24400 switches the MOD output high to pass charge current to the battery. When the SNS voltage is less than VSNSLO or greater than VSNSHI, the bq24400 switches the MOD output low to shut off charging current to the battery. Figure 7 shows a typical multi-chemistry charge circuit.
160 140 120 100 Shows Tolerance
Pulsewidth--ms
80 60 40 20 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 10 50 RMTO--k
2000PNvB3.eps
100
150
200
250
Figure 6. Relationship Between Trickle Pulse-Width and Value of R MTO
7
bq24400
DC+
D4 S 1A + D3 MMS D914LT C6 47 mF Q2 MMBT3904LT1
Q1 FMMT718
L1 47 mH BAT+ D2 ZHCS 1000
R10 1 kW + C3 10 mF
VCC
D5 MMS D914LT C9 1000 P F
R12 120 W
R6 210 kW
R2 2 kW
C7 4.7 P F
C8 0.33 mF
R1 100kW
R4 12.4 kW + C5 10 mF
C4 0.0022 mF D1 RED 1 2 3 4 R13 1.1 kW
BQ24401 S NS VS S LED BAT MOD VCC RC TS 8 7 6 5 C1 0.1 mF
Q3 MMBT3904LT1 R11 220 W
R7 105 kW
D6 BZT52-C5V1 C2 0.1 mF
THERM R5 20 kW R8 6.81 kW BAT-
R3 0.05 W Note s : 1. DC input volta ge : 9 V to 16 V 2. Cha rge curre nt: 1 A 3. L1: 3L globa l P /N P KS MD-1005-470K-1A
UDG-01087
Figure 7. Three-Cell NiCd/NiMH 1A Charger
8
bq24400
Temperature Monitoring
The bq24400 measures the temperature by the voltage at the TS pin. This voltage is typically generated by a negative-temperature-coefficient thermistor. The bq24400 compares this voltage against its internal threshold voltages to determine if charging is safe. These thresholds are the following:
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Sleep Mode
The bq24400 features a sleep mode for low power consumption. This mode is enabled when the voltage at pin BAT is above the low-power-mode threshold, VSLP. During sleep mode, the bq24400 shuts down all internal circuits, drives the LED output to high-impedance state, and drives pin MOD to low. Restoring BAT below the VMCV threshold initiates the IC and starts a fast-charge cycle.
High-temperature cutoff voltage: VTCO = 0.225 VCC This voltage corresponds to the maximum temperature (TCO) at which fast charging is allowed. The bq24400 terminates fast charge if the voltage on pin TS falls below VTCO. High-temperature fault voltage: VHTF = 0.25 VCC This voltage corresponds to the temperature (HTF) at which fast charging is allowed to begin. Low-temperature fault voltage: VLTF = 0.5 VCC This voltage corresponds to the minimum temperature (LTF) at which fast charging or top-off is allowed. If the voltage on pin TS rises above VLTF, the bq24400 suspends fast charge or top-off but does not terminate charge. When the voltage falls back below VLTF, fast charge or top-off resumes from the point where suspended. Trickle-charge is allowed during this condition.
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Rf RSNS BATCf
1 SNS
2
VSS
bq24400 bq2000T
Power Supply ground bq2000 bq24400 ground
2000TCS.eps
Table 3 summarizes these various conditions.
Charge Status Display
The charge status is indicated by open-drain output LED. Table 4 summarizes the display output of the bq24400.
Figure 8. Current-Sensing Circuit
9
bq24400
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Symbol VCC VT TOPR TSTG TSOLDER Note: Parameter VCC relative to VSS DC voltage applied on any pin, excluding VCC relative to VSS Operating ambient temperature Storage temperature Soldering temperature Minimum -0.3 -0.3 -20 -40 Maximum +7.0 +7.0 +70 +125 +260 Unit V V °C °C °C 10s max. Notes
Permanent device damage may occur if Absolute Maximum Ratings are exceeded. Functional operation should be limited to the Recommended DC Operating Conditions detailed in this data sheet. Exposure to conditions beyond the operational limits for extended periods of time may affect device reliability.
DC Thresholds (TA = TOPR; VCC = 5V ±20% unless otherwise specified)
Symbol Parameter Temperature cutoff VTCO High-temperature fault VHTF VLTF Low-temperature fault VMCV VLBAT PVD VSNSHI VSNSLO VSLP VRCH Maximum cell voltage Minimum cell voltage BAT input change for PVD detection High threshold at SNS, resulting in MOD-low Low threshold at SNS, resulting in MOD-high Sleep-mode input threshold Recharge threshold Rating 0.225 * VCC 0.25 * VCC 0.5 * VCC 2.00 950 3.8 50 -50 VCC - 1 VMCV - 0.1 Tolerance ±5% ±5% ±5% ±2.5% ±5% ±20% ±10 ±10 ±0.5 ±0.02 Unit Notes V Voltage at pin TS V Voltage at pin TS V Voltage at pin TS VBAT > VMCV inhibits V fast charge mV Voltage at pin BAT mV mV mV V V Voltage at pin SNS Voltage at pin SNS Applied to pin BAT At pin BAT
10
bq24400
Recommended DC Operating Conditions = TOPR) (TA
Symbol VCC ICC ICCS VTS VOH VOL IOZ Isnk RMTO CMTO Note: Condition Supply voltage Supply current Sleep current Thermistor input Output high Output low High-impedance leakage current Sink current Charge timer resistor Charge timer capacitor Minimum 4.0 0.5 VCC - 0.2 2 0.001 Typical 5.0 0.5 Maximum 6.0 1 5 VCC 0.2 5 20 250 1.0 V mA µA V V V µA mA k µF Exclusive of external loads VBAT = VSLP VTS < 0.5V prohibited MOD, IOH = 20mA MOD, LED, IOL = 20mA LED MOD, LED Unit Notes
All voltages relative to VSS except as noted.
Impedance
Symbol RBAT RTS RSNS Parameter Battery input impedance TS input impedance SNS input impedance Minimum 10 10 10 Typical Maximum Unit M M M
Timing (TA = TOPR; VCC = 5V ±20% unless otherwise specified)
Symbol dMTO fTRKL Parameter MTO time-base variation Pulse-trickle frequency Minimum -5 0.9 Typical 1.0 Maximum +5 1.1 % Hz Unit
11
bq24400
Ordering Information
bq24400
Package Option:
P = 8-pin narrow plastic DIP D = 8-pin narrow SOIC PW = 8-pin TSSOP
Device:
bq24400 NiCd/NiMH Fast-Charge IC with T/t Detection
8-Pin DIP (P)
0.400 (10,60) 0.355 (9,02) 8 5
0.260 (6,60) 0.240 (6,10)
1
4 0.070 (1,78) MAX 0.325 (8,26) 0.300 (7,62) 0.015 (0,38) 0.200 (5,08) MAX S e ating Plane 0.125 (3,18) MIN 0.010 (0,25) NOM Gag e Plane
0.020 (0,51) MIN
0.100 (2,54) 0.021 (0,53) 0.015 (0,38) 0 .0 1 0 (0 ,2 5 ) M
0.430 (10,92) MAX
4040082/D 05/98
NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). B. This drawing is subject to change without notice. C. Falls within JEDEC MS-001
12
bq24400
8-Pin SOIC Narrow (D)
14 PINS S HOWN
0.050 (1,27) 0.020 (0,51) 0.014 (0,35) 14 8 0.008 (0,20) NOM 0.244 (6,20) 0.228 (5,80) 0.157 (4,00) 0.150 (3,81) 0 .0 1 0 (0 ,2 5 ) M
Gag e Plane
0.010 (0,25) 1 A 7 05- 85 0.044 (1,12) 0.016 (0,40)
S e ating Plane 0.069 (1,75) MAX 0.010 (0,25) 0.004 (0,10) 0.004 (0,10)
PINS ** DIM A MAX
8 0.197 (5,00) 0.189 (4,80)
14 0.344 (8,75) 0.337 (8,55)
16 0.394 (10,00) 0.386 (9,80) 4 0 4 0 0 4 7 / D 1 0 /9 6
A MIN
NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). B. This drawing is subject to change without notice. C. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion, not to exceed 0.006 (0,15). D. Falls within JEDEC MS-012
13
bq24400
8-Pin TSSOP ~ PW Package Suffix
14 PINS S HOWN
0,65 14 8
0,30 0,19
0 ,1 0 M
0,15 NOM 4,50 4,30 6,60 6,20 Gag e Plane 0,25 1 A 7 05- 85 0,75 0,50
S e ating Plane 1,20 MAX 0,15 0,05 0,10
PINS ** DIM A MAX
8
14
16
20
24
28
3,10
5,10
5,10
6,60
7,90
9,80
A MIN
2,90
4,90
4,90
6,40
7,70
9,60
4040064/F 01/97
NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in millimeters. B. This drawing is subject to change without notice. C. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion not to exceed 0,15. D. Falls within JEDEC MO-153
14
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
12-Sep-2006
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device BQ24400D BQ24400DG4 BQ24400DR BQ24400DRG4 BQ24400PW BQ24400PWG4 BQ24400PWR BQ24400PWRG4
(1)
Status (1) ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE
Package Type SOIC SOIC SOIC SOIC TSSOP TSSOP TSSOP TSSOP
Package Drawing D D D D PW PW PW PW
Pins Package Eco Plan (2) Qty 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 75 75 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br)
Lead/Ball Finish CU NIPDAU CU NIPDAU CU NIPDAU CU NIPDAU CU NIPDAU CU NIPDAU CU NIPDAU CU NIPDAU
MSL Peak Temp (3) Level-1-260C-UNLIM Level-1-260C-UNLIM Level-1-260C-UNLIM Level-1-260C-UNLIM Level-2-260C-1 YEAR Level-2-260C-1 YEAR Level-2-260C-1 YEAR Level-2-260C-1 YEAR
2500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) 2500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) 150 150 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br)
2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br)
The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect. NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design. PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available. OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details. TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined. Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material)
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature. Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release. In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 1
MECHANICAL DATA
MTSS001C JANUARY 1995 REVISED FEBRUARY 1999
PW (R-PDSO-G**)
14 PINS SHOWN
PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE PACKAGE
0,65 14 8
0,30 0,19
0,10 M
0,15 NOM 4,50 4,30 6,60 6,20 Gage Plane 0,25 1 A 7 0° 8° 0,75 0,50
Seating Plane 1,20 MAX 0,15 0,05 0,10
PINS ** DIM A MAX
8
14
16
20
24
28
3,10
5,10
5,10
6,60
7,90
9,80
A MIN
2,90
4,90
4,90
6,40
7,70
9,60
4040064/F 01/97 NOTES: A. B. C. D. All linear dimensions are in millimeters. This drawing is subject to change without notice. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion not to exceed 0,15. Falls within JEDEC MO-153
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
· DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
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