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User's Guide
HP 8753D Option 011 Network Analyzer
ABCDE
HP Part No. 08753-90304 Supersedes December 1997
Printed in USA December 15, 1997
Notice.
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including
but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and tness for a particular
purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or
consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.
Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1994, 1995, 1997
c
All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission
is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.
1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799, USA
Certi cation
Hewlett-Packard Company certi es that this product met its published speci cations at the
time of shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certi es that its calibration
measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and
Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration
facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
Warranty
This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and
workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period,
Hewlett-Packard Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to
be defective.
For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by
Hewlett-Packard. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Hewlett-Packard and Hewlett-Packard
shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all
shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Hewlett-Packard from another
country.
Hewlett-Packard warrants that its software and rmware designated by Hewlett-Packard for
use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on
that instrument. Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or
software, or rmware will be uninterrupted or error-free.
Limitation of Warranty
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate
maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modi cation or
misuse, operation outside of the environmental speci cations for the product, or improper
site preparation or maintenance.
NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HEWLETT-PACKARD SPECIFICALLY
DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Exclusive Remedies
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT,
OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.
iii
Maintenance
Clean the cabinet, using a damp cloth only.
Assistance
Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for
Hewlett-Packard products.
For any assistance, contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Oce.
iv
Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Oces
US FIELD OPERATIONS
Headquarters California, Northern California, Southern
Hewlett-Packard Co. Hewlett-Packard Co. Hewlett-Packard Co.
19320 Pruneridge Avenue 301 E. Evelyn 1421 South Manhattan Ave.
Cupertino, CA 95014 Mountain View, CA 94041 Fullerton, CA 92631
(800) 752-0900 (415) 694-2000 (714) 999-6700
Colorado Atlanta Annex Illinois
Hewlett-Packard Co. Hewlett-Packard Co. Hewlett-Packard Co.
24 Inverness Place, East 2124 Barrett Park Drive 545 E. Algonquin Rd.
Englewood, CO 80112 Kennesaw, GA 30144 Arlington Heights, IL 60005
(303) 649-5512 (404) 648-0000 (847) 342-2000
New Jersey Texas
Hewlett-Packard Co. Hewlett-Packard Co.
150 Green Pond Rd. 930 E. Campbell Rd.
Rockaway, NJ 07866 Richardson, TX 75081
(201) 586-5400 (214) 231-6101
EUROPEAN FIELD OPERATIONS
Headquarters France Germany
Hewlett-Packard S.A. Hewlett-Packard France Hewlett-Packard GmbH
150, Route du Nant-d'Avril 1 Avenue Du Canada Hewlett-Packard Strasse
1217 Meyrin 2/Geneva Zone D'Activite De Courtaboeuf 61352 Bad Homburg v.d.H
Switzerland F-91947 Les Ulis Cedex Germany
(41 22) 780.8111 France (49 6172) 16-0
(33 1) 69 82 60 60
Great Britain
Hewlett-Packard Ltd.
Eskdale Road, Winnersh Triangle
Wokingham, Berkshire RG41 5DZ
England
(44 734) 696622
INTERCON FIELD OPERATIONS
Headquarters Australia Canada
Hewlett-Packard Company Hewlett-Packard Australia Ltd. Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd.
3495 Deer Creek Road 31-41 Joseph Street 17500 South Service Road
Palo Alto, California, USA Blackburn, Victoria 3130 Trans-Canada Highway
94304-1316 (61 3) 895-2895 Kirkland, Quebec H9J 2X8
(415) 857-5027 Canada
(514) 697-4232
China Japan Singapore
China Hewlett-Packard Company Hewlett-Packard Japan, Ltd. Hewlett-Packard Singapore (Pte.) Ltd.
38 Bei San Huan X1 Road 9-1 Takakura-Cho, Hachioji 150 Beach Road
Shuang Yu Shu Tokyo 192, Japan #29-00 Gateway West
Hai Dian District (81 426) 60-2111 Singapore 0718
Beijing, China (65) 291-9088
(86 1) 256-6888
Taiwan
Hewlett-Packard Taiwan
8th Floor, H-P Building
337 Fu Hsing North Road
Taipei, Taiwan
(886 2) 712-0404
v
Safety Symbols
The following safety symbols are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with each
of the symbols and its meaning before operating this instrument.
Caution Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not
correctly performed or adhered to, would result in damage to or destruction
of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution note until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and met.
Warning Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not
correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life.
Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are
fully understood and met.
L
Instrument Markings
The instruction documentation symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it
is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation.
\CE" The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community. (If accompanied by
a year, it is when the design was proven.)
\ISM1-A" This is a symbol of an Industrial Scienti c and Medical Group 1 Class A product.
\CSA" The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association.
vi
General Safety Considerations
Warning This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing
ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be
inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any
interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument,
is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is
prohibited.
Warning No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to quali ed
personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers.
Caution Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line voltage selector
switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is
installed.
Warning The opening of covers or removal of parts is likely to expose dangerous
voltages. Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources while it is
being opened.
Warning The power cord is connected to internal capacitors that may remain live
for 10 seconds after disconnecting the plug from its power supply.
Warning For continued protection against re hazard replace line fuse only with
same type and rating (F 3A/250V). The use of other fuses or material is
prohibited.
Warning If this instrument is used in a manner not speci ed by Hewlett-Packard
Co., the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.
Note This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC
Publication 348, Safety Requirements for Electronics Measuring Apparatus, and
has been supplied in a safe condition. This instruction documentation contains
information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe
operation and to maintain the instrument in a safe condition.
vii
User's Guide Overview
Chapter 1, \HP 8753D Option 011 Description and Options," describes features, functions,
and available options.
Chapter 2, \Making Measurements," contains step-by-step procedures for making
measurements or using particular functions.
Chapter 3, \Making Mixer Measurements," contains step-by-step procedures for making
calibrated and error-corrected mixer measurements.
Chapter 4, \Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results," contains instructions
for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory, and printing and plotting displayed
measurements.
Chapter 5, \Optimizing Measurement Results," describes techniques and functions for
achieving the best measurement results.
Chapter 6, \Application and Operation Concepts," contains explanatory-style information
about many applications and analyzer operation.
Chapter 7, \Speci cations and Measurement Uncertainties," de nes the performance
capabilities of the analyzer.
Chapter 8, \Menu Maps," shows softkey menu relationships.
Chapter 9, \Key De nitions," describes all the front panel keys, softkeys, and their
corresponding HP-IB commands.
Chapter 10, \Error Messages," provides information for interpreting error messages.
Chapter 11, \Compatible Peripherals," lists measurement and system accessories, and
other applicable equipment compatible with the analyzer. Procedures for con guring the
peripherals, and an HP-IB programming overview are also included.
Chapter 12, \Preset State and Memory Allocation," contains a discussion of memory
allocation, memory storage, instrument state de nitions, and preset conditions.
Appendix A, \The CITI le Data Format and Key Word Reference," contains information on
the CITI le data format as well as a list of CITI le keywords.
viii
Network Analyzer Documentation Set
The Installation and Quick Start Guide
familiarizes you with the network analyzer's
front and rear panels, electrical and
environmental operating requirements, as well
as procedures for installing, con guring, and
verifying the operation of the analyzer.
The User's Guide shows how to make
measurements, explains commonly-used
features, and tells you how to get the most
performance from your analyzer.
The Quick Reference Guide provides a
summary of selected user features.
The Programmer's Guide provides
programming information including an HP-IB
programming and command reference as well
as programming examples.
The System Veri cation and Test Guide
provides the system veri cation and
performance tests and the Performance Test
Record for your analyzer.
ix
x
Contents
1. HP 8753D Option 011 Description and Options
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Analyzer Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Front Panel Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Analyzer Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Rear Panel Features and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Analyzer Options Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 1D5, High Stability Frequency Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 002, Harmonic Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 006, 6 GHz Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 010, Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 075, 75
Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 1CM, Rack Mount Flange Kit Without Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 1CP, Rack Mount Flange Kit With Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Service and Support Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
On-Site System Veri cation (+23G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Standard System Maintenance Service (+02A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Basic System Maintenance Service (+02B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Return to HP Full Service Agreement (+22A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Return to HP Repair Agreement (+22B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Return to HP Calibration Agreement (+22C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Return to HP Calibration (+22G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Changes between the HP 8753 Network Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
2. Making Measurements
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Principles of Microwave Connector Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Basic Measurement Sequence and Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Basic Measurement Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Basic Measurement Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Step 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment. . . 2-3
Step 2. Choose the measurement parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Setting the Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Setting the Source Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Setting the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Step 3. Perform and apply the appropriate error-correction. . . . . . . . . 2-4
Step 4. Measure the device under test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Step 5. Output the measurement results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Using the Display Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
To View Both Measurement Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
To Save a Data Trace to the Display Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
To View the Measurement Data and Memory Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
To Divide Measurement Data by the Memory Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
To Subtract the Memory Trace from the Measurement Data Trace . . . . . . . 2-7
To Ratio Measurements in Channel 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
To Title the Active Channel Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Contents-1
Using Analyzer Display Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
To Activate Display Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
To Use Delta (1) Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
To Activate a Fixed Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
. . 2-11
Using the 1REF=1FIXED MKR Key to activate a Fixed Reference Marker . . 2-12
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Using the MKR ZERO Key to Activate a Fixed Reference Marker . . . . . . 2-13
To Couple and Uncouple Display Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
To Use Polar Format Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
To Use Smith Chart Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
To Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Setting the Start Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Setting the Stop Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Setting the Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Setting the Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Setting the Display Reference Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
Setting the Electrical Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Setting the CW Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
To Search for a Speci c Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Searching for the Maximum Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Searching for the Minimum Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
Searching for a Target Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Searching for a Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Tracking the Amplitude that You are Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
Measuring the Magnitude Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
Measuring Insertion Phase Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Measuring Electrical Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Measuring Phase Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
Deviation From Linear Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
Group Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33
Testing A Device with Limit Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
Setting Up the Measurement Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
Creating Flat Limit Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
Creating a Sloping Limit Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
Creating Single Point Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-41
Editing Limit Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42
Deleting Limit Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42
Running a Limit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
Reviewing the Limit Line Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
Activating the Limit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
Osetting Limit Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44
Measuring Gain Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49
Measurements Using the Tuned Receiver Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
Typical test setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
Tuned receiver mode in-depth description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
Compatible Sweep Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
External Source Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-52
Test Sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-53
Creating a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-54
Contents-2
Running a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-55
Stopping a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-55
Editing a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-56
Deleting Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-56
Inserting a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-56
Modifying a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-57
Clearing a Sequence from Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-57
Changing the Sequence Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-58
Naming Files Generated by a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-58
Storing a Sequence on a Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-59
Loading a Sequence from Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-60
Purging a Sequence from Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-60
Printing a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-60
Cascading Multiple Example Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-61
Loop Counter Example Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-62
Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-63
Limit Test Example Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64
Measuring Swept Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-66
Measuring a Device in the Time Domain (Option 010 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . 2-68
Transmission Response in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-68
Re ection Response in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-73
Non-coaxial Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-76
3. Making Mixer Measurements
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Measurement Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Minimizing Source and Load Mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Reducing the Eect of Spurious Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
How RF and IF Are De ned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Frequency Oset Mode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Power Meter Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Oset Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Fixed IF Mixer Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Tuned Receiver Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Sequence 1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Sequence 2 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
Phase or Group Delay Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Amplitude and Phase Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Oset Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25
Isolation Example Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30
LO to RF Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30
RF Feedthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32
4. Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Con guring a Print Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
De ning a Print Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
If You are Using a Color Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Printing One Measurement Per Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Con guring a Plot Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Contents-3
If You are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
If You are Plotting to a Pen Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
If You are Plotting to a Disk Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
De ning a Plot Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Choosing Display Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Selecting Auto-Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Selecting Line Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Choosing Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Choosing Plot Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
If You are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Plotting a Measurement to Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
To Output the Plot Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
To View Plot Files on a PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Using AmiPro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Using Freelance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer . . . . . . . . 4-23
Step 1. Store the HPGL initialization sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Step 2. Store the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence. . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Step 3. Send the HPGL initialization sequence to the printer. . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Step 4. Send the plot le to the printer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Step 5. Send the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence to the printer. . . . 4-24
Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page From Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
To Plot Multiple Measurements on a Full Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
To Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Titling the Displayed Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Con guring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Aborting a Print or Plot Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Printing or Plotting the List Values or Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
If You want a Single Page of Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
If You Want the Entire List of Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Saving and Recalling Instrument States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Places Where You Can Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
What You Can Save to the Analyzer's Internal Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
What You Can Save to a Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Saving an Instrument State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Saving Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
ASCII Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
CITI le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
S2P Data Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
Re-Saving an Instrument State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
Deleting a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
To Delete an Instrument State File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
To Delete all Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
Renaming a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
Recalling a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
Formatting a Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
Contents-4
Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
If You are Using an External Disk Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
5. Optimizing Measurement Results
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Increasing Measurement Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Connector Repeatability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Interconnecting Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Temperature Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Frequency Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Performance Veri cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Reference Plane and Port Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Measurement Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Conditions Where Error-Correction is Suggested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Types of Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Error-Correction Stimulus State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Compensating for the Electrical Delay of Calibration Standards . . . . . . . 5-6
Clarifying Type-N Connector Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
When to Use Interpolated Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Procedures for Error-Correcting Your Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Frequency Response Error-Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Response Error-Correction for Re ection Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Response Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Receiver Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Frequency Response and Isolation Error-Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Response and Isolation Error-Correction for Re ection Measurements . . . . . 5-13
Response and Isolation Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements . . . 5-15
One-Port Re ection Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Full Two-Port Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
TRL* and TRM* Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
TRL Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
TRM Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Modifying Calibration Kit Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
De nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Outline of Standard Modi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Modifying Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Modifying TRL Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Modifying TRM Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30
Power Meter Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33
If You are Using an S-Parameter Test Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-34
Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-34
Editing Frequency Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-34
Deleting Frequency Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Compensating for Directional Coupler Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Using Continuous Correction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37
To Calibrate the Analyzer Receiver to Measure Absolute Power . . . . . . . 5-38
Matched Adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-40
Modify the Cal Kit Thru De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Adapter Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Perform the 2-port Error Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44
Remove the Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45
Verify the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46
Contents-5
Example Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-48
Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
The Cause of Measurement Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
To Improve Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Decreasing the Sweep Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Decreasing the Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Increasing Sweep Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
To Decrease the Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
To Set the Auto Sweep Time Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-52
To Widen the System Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
To Reduce the Averaging Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
To Reduce the Number of Measurement Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
To Set the Sweep Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
To View a Single Measurement Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
To Activate Chop Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55
To Use External Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55
Increasing Dynamic Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
To Increase the Test Port Input Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
To Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Changing System Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Changing Measurement Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Reducing Trace Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
To Activate Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
To Change System Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
Reducing Receiver Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
Reducing Recall Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
Understanding Spur Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
6. Application and Operation Concepts
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
HP 8753D Option 011 System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
The built-in synthesized source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Test sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Test set step attenuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
The Receiver Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
The Microprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Required Peripheral Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Processing Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
The ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
IF Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Ratio Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Sampler/IF Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Sweep-To-Sweep Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Pre-Raw Data Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Raw Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Vector Error-correction (Accuracy Enhancement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Trace Math Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Gating (Option 010 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
The Electrical Delay Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Transform (Option 010 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Format Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Contents-6
Oset and Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Display Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Active Channel Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Dual Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Uncoupling Stimulus Values Between Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Coupled Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Entry Block Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Units Terminator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Knob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Step Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
4ENTRY OFF5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
4 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
405 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Stimulus Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
De ning Ranges with Stimulus Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Stimulus Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
The Power Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Power Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Channel coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Manual Sweep Time Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Auto Sweep Time Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Minimum Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Trigger Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Channel Stimulus Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17
Sweep Type Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18
Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18
Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
List Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Segment Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Power Sweep (dBm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
CW Time Sweep (Seconds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Selecting Sweep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Modifying List Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Edit list menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Edit subsweep menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Response Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
S-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Understanding S-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
The S-Parameter Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Analog In Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Conversion Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Input Ports Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
The Format Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Log Magnitude Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Phase Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27
Group Delay Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27
Smith Chart Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28
Polar Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Linear Magnitude Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-30
SWR Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-30
Real Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31
Imaginary Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31
Group Delay Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32
Contents-7
Scale Reference Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-35
Electrical Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-35
Display Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36
Dual Channel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37
Dual Channel Mode with Decoupled Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37
Memory Math Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38
Adjusting the Colors of the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38
Setting Display Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38
Setting Default Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39
Blanking the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39
Saving Modi ed Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39
Recalling Modi ed Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39
The Modify Colors Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39
Averaging Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41
Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42
IF Bandwidth Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42
Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-44
Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-45
Delta Mode Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-45
Fixed Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-45
Marker Function Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46
Marker Search Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46
Target Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46
Marker Mode Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46
Polar Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46
Smith Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46
Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-47
What is Accuracy Enhancement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-47
What Causes Measurement Errors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
Source Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-49
Load Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-49
Isolation (Crosstalk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-50
Frequency Response (Tracking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-50
Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-50
One-Port Error Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-50
Device Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56
Two-Port Error Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56
Calibration Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-62
Measurement Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-62
Device Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-62
Omitting Isolation Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-62
Saving Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-62
The Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-63
Frequency Response of Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-63
Electrical Oset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-64
Fringe Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-64
How Eective Is Accuracy Enhancement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66
Correcting for Measurement Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-68
Ensuring a Valid Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-68
Interpolated Error-correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-69
The Calibrate Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Response Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Response and Isolation Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Contents-8
S11 and S22 One-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Full Two-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
TRL*/LRM* Two-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
Restarting a Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-72
Cal Kit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-72
The Select Cal Kit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-72
Modifying Calibration Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-73
De nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-73
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-73
Modify Calibration Kit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-74
De ne Standard Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-75
Specify Oset Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Label Standard Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-78
Specify Class Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-78
Label Class Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-80
Label Kit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-80
Verify performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-81
TRL*/LRM* Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82
Why Use TRL Calibration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82
TRL Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82
How TRL*/LRM* Calibration Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-83
TRL* Error Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-83
Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-84
Source match and load match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-85
Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match For TRL*/LRM* Calibration . . 6-85
The TRL Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-87
Requirements for TRL Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-87
Fabricating and de ning calibration standards for TRL/LRM . . . . . . . . 6-88
TRL Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-90
Power Meter Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-92
Primary Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-92
Calibrated Power Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-92
Compatible Sweep Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-92
Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-93
Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-93
Power Meter Calibration Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-93
Continuous Sample Mode (Each Sweep) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-93
Sample-and-Sweep Mode (One Sweep) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-94
Power Loss Correction List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-95
Power Sensor Calibration Factor List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-95
Speed and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-95
Test Equipment Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96
Stimulus Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96
Notes On Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96
Alternate and Chop Sweep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-98
Alternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-98
Chop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-98
Calibrating for Non-Insertable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-99
Adapter Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-99
Matched Adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-99
Modify the Cal Kit Thru De nition . . . . . . . . . . .