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The Laptop Repair Workbook
An Introduction to Troubleshooting and
Repairing Laptop Computers
Printing instructions for a two sided printing you can put in a binder.
In Adobe Acrobat, when you go to print, you should see a menu with a box
labeled "Print Range." Check off the radio button that says "Pages from" and
enter "1" to "189". Right below that in the "Subset" box choose "Odd pages
only". Once the pages are all printed, put the stack back into the printer, with
the printed side turned down, so it won't get printed on. Note that printing
always starts at the top of each page. When you go to print again, check off the
radio button that says "Pages from" and enter "2" to "190". Below that in the
"Subset" box choose "Even pages only" and put a check in the "Reverse Order"
box. When it's finished, go back and print page 191 by itself. If you want to
play it safe, experiment with printing the first 4 pages of the book until you get
the technique right. If you have a decent quality laser, good paper and no
jams, it should come out printed properly and you won't even have to shuffle
the pages to get them in order.
Morris Rosenthal
W
W
Please Read
Your paid download of this ebook from Foner Books
grants you a non-transferable license to retain an
electronic copy of the PDF file for reading and to print
one copy for personal use in your home or business.
You may not create copies of this ebook or excerpts
thereof, whether electronic or printed on paper, for
sale or distribution.
The author has done his best to provide accurate and
up-to-date information in this book, but he cannot
guarantee that the information is correct or will fit your
particular situation. The ebook is provided with the
understanding that the publisher and the author are
not engaged in rendering professional or engineering
services. If expert assistance is required, the services of
a competent professional should be sought.
Version 1.2
Flowcharts produced with Microsoft Visio Standard
Editor Tracie Shea
Technical Editor Chuck Berg
Copy Editor Kira Taylor
Proofreader Franklyn Dailey Jr.
Copyright 2008 by Morris Rosenthal
Published by Foner Books
www.fonerbooks.com
Printed Version ISBN 978-0-9723801-5-7
ii
The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CLICKABLE LINKS)
BEFORE WE BEGIN TROUBLESHOOTING 5
LAPTOP BASICS 7
WHAT'S MY LAPTOP WORTH? 18
SHOPPING FOR USED LAPTOPS 19
SHOPPING FOR NEW LAPTOPS 22
LAPTOP UPGRADES 26
THINGS THAT GO WRONG WITH LAPTOPS 29
BASIC REPAIR TECHNIQUES 34
SEARCHING FOR ANSWERS 39
TROUBLESHOOTING POWER PROBLEMS 43
TROUBLESHOOTING BATTERY PROBLEMS 47
LAPTOP VIDEO TROUBLESHOOTING 50
TROUBLESHOOTING LAPTOP OVERHEATING 55
TROUBLESHOOTING LAPTOP HARD DRIVES 57
TROUBLESHOOTING WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY 61
TROUBLESHOOTING MOTHERBOARD, CPU AND MEMORY 64
TROUBLESHOOTING LAPTOP DIAL-UP MODEMS 67
TROUBLESHOOTING DVD/CD PLAYBACK AND RECORD 70
iii
TROUBLESHOOTING LAPTOP SOUND 75
WIRED NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING 77
TROUBLESHOOTING KEYBOARD, POINTER AND USB 79
POWER FLOWCHART 83
BATTERY FLOWCHART 93
DISPLAY FLOWCHART 103
OVERHEATING FLOWCHART 113
DRIVE FLOWCHART 123
WIRELESS FLOWCHART 131
MOTHERBOARD, CPU AND RAM FLOWCHART 141
MODEM FLOWCHART 151
DVD/CD FLOWCHART 159
SOUND FLOWCHART 167
WIRED LAN FLOWCHART 175
KEYBOARD, POINTER AND USB FLOWCHART 183
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
Before We Begin Troubleshooting
The author of this book is the proud owner of a 1986 Dodge
Omni that was purchased new and has never been taken to a
garage for repairs. But laptops aren't cars and they are rarely as
cost effective to repair as desktop PC's. A twenty or forty year
old car in good operating condition is just as serviceable as a
new car and may even get better gas mileage. But a ten year old
laptop isn't going to run the latest Microsoft operating system or
even the previous version. Computers are no better than the
software they can run. You're going to need an up-to-date
operating system if you are a mainstream user who wants to run
the same software you use in work or the current year tax
program. A laptop computer that cost as much as a new small
car in the 1980's isn't worth a gallon of gas today. Think of
computers as software appliances. Unfortunately, laptop
computers are among the shortest lived appliances found in the
American household today.
If you make an appointment with a doctor for a health
issue, the first thing you might expect to hear is, "So, what seems
to be the problem today?" This is the most important part of the
diagnostics process for a good physician, listening to the patient
describe the symptoms and asking some follow-up questions to
probe deeper. The patient who responds, "I don't know what's
wrong with me" might get a blood test or a psychiatric battery
but is unlikely to walk out of the office with a cure. When it
comes to diagnosing your laptop problems, the laptop is the
patient and you are the physician. The laptop usually can't
describe its symptoms, so you have to be a keen observer of
laptop behavior if you want to nail the problem your first time
out.
Some health issues, like puncture wounds and broken
limbs, manifest themselves in an obvious manner so there's no
difficulty with the doctor or patient diagnosing the problem. The
same is true if you've broken the hinges off your laptop, if the
battery burst into flames or if you knocked your orange juice
over the keyboard and it stopped working. The solutions are
generally both obvious and expensive, and since laptops aren't
family members, replacement is often the most sensible
solution. But the majority of laptop symptoms, at least at first
5
Before We Start Troubleshooting
blush, may be attributed to any number of different problems.
And, just as human beings have pre-conceptions and neuroses
clouding the diagnostic picture, laptops have software issues
that pose as hardware malfunctions. In extreme cases, laptop
technicians will talk the owner into the "Nuke and Pave"
approach, using the manufacturer supplied software to restore
the laptop to its factory fresh condition to see if that solves the
problem. Sometimes this makes more sense than letting a
technician spend several hours (and several hundred dollars of
your money) trying to solve a suspected software problem. But
you can do this just as easily at home.
This book can't make you into a professional computer
technician. It will help you troubleshoot your laptop problem
and take the most cost effective approach to repairing it, getting
Information about
the book:
it repaired, or replacing it. But the troubleshooting process
depends on your observations of the symptoms and your
www.fonerbooks.com willingness to keep your mind open to solutions other than your
/workbook.htm
first impression, or those suggested by friends who say they had
"exactly the same problem." If the laptop is still usable but acts
up, pay close attention to when and where it acts up, whether
the problem always occurs after the laptop has been moved, or
shut-down for the night, or running all day. Even the weather
plays a part in troubleshooting some problems, so try to read
through all of the general troubleshooting sections, just to get a
feel for the things that go wrong with different components. If it
doesn't make you into a laptop hypochondriac, it will make you
a stronger diagnostician.
You may notice we don't talk about the razzle-dazzle
technology of computer components in this book. The reason is
simple. You can't upgrade or repair your laptop by using the
latest technology available, nor can you save money by repairing
it with older technology rescued from a random laptop at the
recycling center. You have to use the exact parts your laptop was
engineered to work with. Hard drives and memory are the only
replaceable parts that are often compatible between models of a
similar vintage. For some readers, the lack of an illustrated
discussion on how hard drives store data bits will take some fun
out of the book, but that knowledge can't help you when it
comes to troubleshooting. There are plenty of books with
beautiful color illustrations that try to explain basic computer
6
The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
technology, but they do so at the expense of helping you solve
real laptop problems.
Two final notes about using this workbook. First, if your
laptop is in warranty, it doesn't make any sense to take it apart
in hopes of fixing something yourself. This book can still help
you troubleshoot the problem to determine if it's a software
setting or incorrect use, which may save you sending the laptop
out for repair. Second, feel free to cut out the twelve flowcharts
in the second half of the book and staple them together. This will
save on page flipping as you read the expanded explanations of
the decision symbols. It's a workbook, not English literature.
Laptop Basics
If you're already familiar with computer terminology, laptop
components and values, you can skip to the general
troubleshooting section. The discussion here will be strictly
limited to describing the function of basic laptop components
and the acronyms used to describe them. You don't need to
remember what individual words the acronyms represent
anymore than you need to remember that FBI stands for Federal
Bureau of Investigation if they're knocking at your door.
Acronyms are only a tool for describing certain computer
components and functions, so think of them as labels and don't
get caught up in the alphabet soup.
Operating System (OS)
We're confident that readers are familiar with the term
operating system, but the acronym OS may only be widely
recognized by Apple iBook and PowerBook users, since Apple
operating systems have long been branded with "OS" and the
version number. We always use "OS" on the flowcharts in order
to fit operating system related decisions into the flowchart
symbols, so it's the most critical acronym in this troubleshooting
book. Also, when we refer to operating systems in this book, we
refer to Microsoft Windows components and tools, since it's far
and away the most widely used OS on laptops. There are
excellent help groups online specific to Apple OS releases and
Linux, especially the Ubuntu release which is gaining popularity
as an alternative laptop operating system. The hardware
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Before We Start Troubleshooting
troubleshooting procedures are as generic as we can make them
in the absence of a "standard laptop," since no such thing exists.
Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
You may already be familiar with the separate roles played by
hardware and software in computing. The hardware can be
viewed as the body of the laptop, including the brain. The
software can be viewed as the mind that controls the hardware
in response to your requests. Sitting between the individual
hardware components and the OS software that you use (most
likely a version of Microsoft Windows) is a small chunk of
hardware-specific software that allows the two to communicate.
This software is known as the BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System) and it is stored in nonvolatile memory on the main
circuit board, or motherboard, of the laptop.
The BIOS is the first software loaded into regular
memory (RAM) when the laptop is powered on. The BIOS
contains sufficient instructions to operate the screen in a basic
mode, to accept input from the keyboard, to read from the hard
drive and the DVD/CD drive, and to detect attached network
and USB devices. The latter is necessary because some laptops
in corporate or government settings are configured to boot (to
start loading the operating system) from a network or external
drive for security reasons.
The memory chip on which the BIOS software is stored is
a type of EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory) known as Flash Memory. Using software
downloaded from the website of the laptop manufacturer to
upgrade the BIOS to a new version is called "flashing." In many
instances, if you call tech support with a problem, they'll ask a
few questions and then suggest that you flash your BIOS with
the latest version. Unfortunately, this standard procedure can
turn your laptop into a useless paperweight if something goes
wrong, like a power interruption or accidentally downloading
the wrong BIOS for your model. The process isn't reversible
without special equipment to reprogram the EEPROM. You only
get the one chance.
We never recommend flashing a laptop BIOS unless you
have specific information from web research that it is the exact
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
and only cure to the problem you are trying to solve. It should
never be necessary to flash the BIOS in order to recover some
lost functionality. There are three common scenarios which may
require you to flash the BIOS. The first scenario is if you are
installing a specific software or operating system application
that has a known problem with the original BIOS and for which
a fix has been introduced. Laptop manufacturers often
concentrate their efforts on getting Microsoft Windows right
and only correct problems with Linux and other alternative
operating systems at the BIOS level when reported by user
groups. A new or upgraded version of Windows may also require
a BIOS upgrade. The second scenario is an ACPI (Advanced
Configuration and Power Interface) issue that may manifest in
charging problems, fan management, or trouble with on/off,
sleep or hibernation. Modern operating systems take charge of
all of these functions from the BIOS soon after the laptop boots,
but again, don't try flashing the BIOS when troubleshooting a
power problem unless you have specific information that it must
be the solution. The third scenario is if you choose to upgrade
an internal hardware component with a part that wasn't
supported by the original BIOS, such as a faster CPU or a Blu-
Ray optical drive, you may find evidence that it will only work if
you flash the BIOS with the latest version.
CMOS Setup
Another term that we're forced to use in this book is CMOS
Setup. The CMOS acronym stands for Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor, the type of memory chip used to hold the
user modifiable hardware settings. The CMOS Setup program is
part of the BIOS and can be accessed before the operating
system loads. Some manufacturers allow for CMOS settings to
be altered through the operating system as well, through a
hardware setup icon in Windows Control Panel, but the setting
won't take effect until the next time the laptop is rebooted. After
this brief description, we'll try not to mention CMOS Setup
unless you need to access it for troubleshooting purposes.
It's entirely possible to purchase a laptop new and own it
for years without ever knowing or caring that CMOS Setup
exists. The most common reason the average user will ever have
to enter CMOS Setup is to set a BIOS level password for the
laptop, one that is required before the operating system will
9
Before We Start Troubleshooting
even try to boot. If your laptop comes equipped with a finger
print scanner or other hardware based security, it's likely that
the failsafe password is created and stored in CMOS Setup.
Since the vast majority of laptops are sold with the operating
system installed, the CMOS settings are preset to work with the
operating system. However, if you wipe out the current
operating system, or attempt to set up a dual boot system with
Linux or another operating system version, you may have to
change some CMOS settings. Many troubleshooting scenarios
will require a CMOS Setup option that appears in the main
menu under a title similar to "Restore BIOS Defaults" or
"Restore Safe Settings". This option will restore all of the
settings in CMOS Setup to the factory defaults, which can cure
many problems if they've been corrupted or accidentally
changed.
CMOS Setup is normally accessed before the operating
system boots, using a key combination that is often displayed on
the screen by the BIOS during the power on phase. Common
access methods are hitting DEL key, ESC key or the F1 or F2 key
immediately after you power on. Some laptops suppress the
BIOS generated message in order to minimize user errors, but
you can always go online and Google the right key combination
if it's not in your manual. Note that the terms "BIOS" and
"CMOS Setup" are often used interchangeably online when
you're searching for the key combination.
Drivers and Device Manager
There are two types of drivers in laptops, hardware and
software. The focus here will be on the software device drivers as
the other type of drivers are board-level integrated circuits that
aren't user replaceable if they fail. Software drivers, which we'll
refer to as device drivers from here on, are the bits of
programming that allow the operating system and other
software applications to communicate with and control the
hardware in your laptop. Since laptops are sold as whole
functioning computers, rather than as expandable kits, all of the
device drivers the laptop needs to function will be preinstalled.
However, if you purchase an expansion card or add any external
devices other than a few very standard components, such as a
keyboard, mouse or memory stick, the laptop will require a
device driver to work with it properly.
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
If the new device is widely used and has been around for
a while, it's possible that the operating system will include a pre-
loaded driver for the device, which it will find and install on its
own when the device is connected. But in most cases, any device
or peripherals you purchase, such as printers, cameras, USB
speakers or broadband modems, will come with their own driver
disc and specific instructions for how to install them.
Frequently, the instructions will require that you install the
software before hooking up the device for the first time. This is
to make sure that your operating system doesn't try to install a
seemingly compatible device driver for the hardware before the
proper device driver is made available.
The drivers can be manually checked for problems and
updated or disabled in the Device Manager view, which is found
through Control Panel. The appearance of the Device Manager
view and the way it reports potential problems varies between
Windows versions, and in more recent versions it's a tab under
the Hardware category behind the System icon in Control Panel.
In all versions it will quickly give you three critical pieces of
information about the status of your attached or installed
devices. First, if it doesn't show up in Device Manager at all and
no unidentified devices are shown, Windows doesn't know it's
there, which means it's a hardware troubleshooting job. If the
device doesn't work, but Device Manager shows it and indicates
that it needs a driver, you haven't got the proper software driver
installed. Finally, if it shows up with the right driver but
Windows displays a specific error, like the hardware isn't
responding, you need to troubleshoot that error.
Motherboard
Laptops are very close to being single board computers, where
that single board is most commonly called the motherboard.
Any additional circuit boards in the laptop that connect to the
motherboard are known as daughter cards, so it's clear who won
the computing gender wars. Unlike desktop PCs, where
motherboards can be easily and inexpensively replaced in all but
the most unfriendly systems, laptop motherboards are
proprietary. The only replacement motherboard that will
physically fit into your laptop is a motherboard of the same
brand and model family.
11
Before We Start Troubleshooting
If the motherboard fails and the laptop is out of warranty,
it will rarely make sense to repair it. A new motherboard
ordered from the manufacturer usually costs more than a new
laptop purchased in chain store. If you're very happy with the
laptop, except for the motherboard being dead, you might look
for a used replacement part on eBay. If the failure is with a
simple connector, like the power jack with its limited solder
connections, it may make sense to repair the board yourself or
to send it out. Just make sure you remove the hard drive before
sending your laptop to some cheap power jack repair place you
find online.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The brain of any computer is the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
This is a single, large silicon chip which is usually manufactured
Surface mount vs
by Intel or AMD. It can be replaced as long as it is socketed,
socketed CPU rather than soldered to the motherboard. Total CPU failures are
relatively rare, but the CPU may misbehave or shut itself down if
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/laptop19.htm
it gets too hot. It's fairly common for desktop PC hobbyists to
upgrade their CPU with a faster model when the prices come
down but it's rarely practical or possible with laptops. Unless the
laptop motherboard was designed to support the faster CPU, it
won't work at all. If you are able to find a faster CPU that will
work in the laptop, it's unlikely to offer a performance difference
that you can notice in normal usage.
Modern CPU speeds are measured in GHz (Gigahertz), or
billions of cycles per second. If you own an older laptop, the
CPU speed might be measured in hundreds of MHz
(Megahertz), which expresses millions of cycles per second.
CPU speeds used to increase rapidly from year to year and offer
a reasonable estimate for system performance. Unfortunately,
the CPU manufacturers hit the wall a couple years ago in terms
of upping the clock speed, so performance gains are now
achieved by cramming multiple brains into a single CPU. How
much additional speed you see from employing multiple brains
depends very much on the software you are using and the tasks
you are working at. If your main applications are web surfing
and e-mail, the speed and power of the CPU are nearly
irrelevant. If you are editing video or recalculating spreadsheets
with thousands of columns, CPU performance can turn a five
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
minute rendering task into a two minute render, or a 20 second
calculation into a 5 second calculation.
Your laptop may contain multiple heatsinks, which are
finned metal structures that help conduct the heat away from
hard working silicon components. The heatsinks installed on the
CPU and the video processor are often active heat sinks,
meaning that there's a little fan bolted right to the top of the
heatsink to help cool it. This is a key reason to rethink upgrading
your laptop CPU even if it turns out there's one available for the
motherboard. The faster CPU will likely generate more heat, and
the laptop may not be designed to cool it. If a heatsink fan fails
or is unable to provide sufficient cooling, the laptop will display
overheating symptoms, like random freezes or shutdowns.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
The memory in your laptop is, by definition, the RAM (Random
Access Memory). It's worth making a point of this because even
some long time computer users confuse memory with storage,
which leads them to ask the wrong questions at stores and
purchase hardware they don't need. When computer
professionals and salespeople talk about storage, they are
talking about devices that save data when the power is turned
off. This can include hard drives, magnetic tapes, optical discs
such as CD, DVD and Blu-Ray, even the old floppy disks. What
makes it more confusing is that the Flash memory technology
mentioned in our brief BIOS discussion is a form of permanent
storage used by digital cameras, cell phones, and portable USB
storage devices. But the main memory in your laptop is the
super fast RAM that forgets everything when the power is
turned off.
Memory in modern laptops is measured in hundreds of
megabytes (MB) or a couple gigabytes (GB). The standard
Windows operating system can't work with more than 4.0 GB of SODIMM RAM in
laptop:
RAM, and the minimum suggested for running Microsoft Vista
is 1.0 GB, so the overall range today is extremely narrow and www.fonerbooks.com
memory is getting cheaper all the time. In general, the only /laptop18.htm
laptop upgrade we recommend is the memory, but only if you're
starting from a low amount. Most laptop motherboards only
have room for two RAM modules, the little circuit cards that
carry the individual RAM chips. We could feed you a lot more
13
Before We Start Troubleshooting
acronyms referring to different types of module technologies
and speeds, but all you need to know is that you can only install
the RAM that is specifically supported by your motherboard.
Hard Drive
The primary storage device in your laptop is the hard drive.
Modern hard drive capacities are measured in hundreds of
gigabytes, though just a couple years ago, they were limited to
tens of gigabytes. It's enough space unless you load up on video,
audio or pictures. If you do run out of space, clean up your
Inside a 2.5" hard existing hard drive by copying most of the junk onto DVD's or
drive: an external hard drive. It will be much easier than to upgrade
www.fonerbooks.com
the existing hard drive to a higher capacity and reinstalling all
/laptop17.htm the software. It's usually possible to upgrade the hard drive with
a higher capacity model, but the only practical method is to use
special software to image your existing hard drive onto the
replacement drive in an external USB enclosure, and then swap
the drives.
Solid-state hard drives are now available in some high-
end laptops and will slowly trickle down into consumer models
over the coming years. Since solid-state drives have no moving
parts, they should prove more reliable, will be more tolerant of
physical shocks, and will use less power. But no technology is
perfect, and it's probable that solid-state drives will prove
vulnerable to certain hardware failures, such as electrical
shocks. Unlike standard hard drives, when a solid-state hard
drive fails, it's unlikely any data recovery will be possible.
DVD/CD Burners
Everybody has long known DVD and CD discs from home
entertainment, but it's only in the past couple years that DVD
recorders became standard items in laptops. The DVD recorder
software will come with an option for recording data, which is a
great way to create permanent back-ups of your important files.
Most laptops also ship with a utility that allows you to create
emergency restore discs, if they don't provide you with a factory
recovery disc. The restore discs are a set of DVD's that record a
perfect image of the hard drive and allow you to restore the
laptop to its factory fresh condition should the hard drive fail or
14
The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
the operating system get hopelessly corrupted by viruses and
malware.
The majority of complaints about DVD recorders are
about their playback, not the recording. Many users use the
DVD exclusively for playing movies, but the evolving copy
protection schemes and encoding used by the various movie
studios complicates the issue. Sometimes, a laptop will be able
to play old movies, but not new ones. Other times, only movies
from a certain studio will fail. It's even possible for an
automated software update to result in a loss of capability,
where a movie that played yesterday won't play today.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) was the display technology
breakthrough that made laptop computers possible. Before
LCDs, there were some portable computers known as Taking apart a
"luggables" that employed a small tube display that took up half laptop screen:
the room and power. LCD screens are lightweight, consume
www.fonerbooks.com
minimal power, and unlike the old-fashioned tube displays, are /laptop_4.htm
well suited to getting bounced around. The LCD panel itself acts
as a sort of electronic color film, but the images it produces are
nearly invisible to the eye. If you remember the old 35 mm slides
that used to be popular in photography, you'll remember how
hard it was to make out the picture without a slide projector or a
light table.
The light source that turns the LCD "film" into a bright
display is called the "backlight." The current generation of
laptops employ a special type of fluorescent light, a CCFL (Cold Showing inverter
Cathode Fluorescent Lamp) tube, which provides a bright white and backlight
light that is evenly distributed behind the LCD screen by
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reflective surfaces. The CCFL tubes are very thin and relatively /laptop_5.htm
long lived, but they require a special power source to light them.
This power is provided by the inverter, a circuit that transforms
the low voltage DC power your laptop runs on into a high
voltage, high frequency electronic signal. Inverters are the
Achilles heel of laptop display systems. If the LCD only displays
the faintest of images, it means the backlight isn't lit. Inverter or
wiring failure is more common than actual backlight burn-out.
15
Before We Start Troubleshooting
Laptop Batteries
It's worth mentioning battery technology in laptop basics just to
point out that laptops contain more than one battery. The
battery everybody knows is the main battery which is easily
removed from the laptop, costs around $100 to replace, and can
power the laptop for a few hours when fully charged. All laptops
also contain a small battery, similar to the batteries that power
wrist watches, to maintain the time, date and the CMOS
Settings. In addition some laptop models employ a non-
removable battery for backing up the contents of main memory
when the laptop is switched into hibernation. Higher end laptop
models with a hot-swap bay offer the option of a second main
battery for extended operating life, at the expense of removing
the DVD drive or second hard drive.
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Many years ago, laptops and PCs sported special connection
ports for printers and slower external devices like dial-up
modems. These ports have long since been replaced by USB
(Universal Serial Bus) ports. Most laptops feature at least two or
three USB ports, and on newer laptops, these are all the high-
speed USB 2.0 and soon to be 3.0 variety. The USB ports on
your laptop are even more valuable than the USB ports on your
PC because they save you from expensive and impractical
repairs by serving as a bypass for failed laptop hardware. The
only downside of replacing failed laptop components (such as
the keyboard, touch pad, DVD, modem, network and sound
adapters) with external USB devices is that they slowly turn your
portable laptop into a stationary desktop. But when your laptop
is a couple years old and you are faced with a multi-hundred
dollar repair that you might not be up to doing yourself, the
ability to plug in an inexpensive USB device is a lifesaver.
PC Cards
Unlike standard PCs, most laptops aren't designed to accept any
internal expansion cards. Those laptops that do employ a mini-
PCI slot are usually sold with that slot already filled by some
standard option. With the advent of USB 2.0, this has become
less important, but you may want to add functionality to your
laptop that requires more power or speed than USB provides.
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
This option is available through the one or two external
expansion slots on your laptop known by the unfortunate name
"PC cards". The earlier version, which you may see in a hand-
me-down laptop, were called PCMCIA cards, which is too long
an acronym to break out here. OK, it stands for People Can't
Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms. The current standard
in most laptops is Type II PC Cards, and they are primarily used
for plugging in cellular modems, which allow your laptop to
communicate at a modest speed over the cellular phone
network, for a steep price. The latest generation of laptop
expansion cards are called "Express Cards" but they have seen
limited adoption so far.
Wireless Technology
Since we just mentioned cellular modems, it's a good time to
bring up the wireless technology, WiFi. WiFi networking for
computers is distinct from the cellular phone network; WiFi and
cellular simply refer to different wireless technologies. WiFi
networking is strictly a short distance solution. Current
standards support ranges from a few tens of feet up to a few
hundreds of feet, depending on the generation of wireless
equipment used. The most common WiFi implementation used
in laptops today is the "G" standard, which is generally
backwards compatible with the older "B" standard. That means
a laptop with built-in B/G will be able to operate on either type
of network. The most recent release to achieve popularity is the
"N" standard, and the newest laptops and after-market adapters
support wireless B/G/N. While "WiFi" and "wireless" may be
used interchangeably by computer professionals, "wireless" is
rarely used when referring to cellular communications.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth adds another communications dimension to laptops,
though it's not commonly used for local connections despite its
wide availability. Bluetooth is another wireless standard that
offers simplicity combined with relatively low capacity. It's
currently the favored technology for wirelessly connecting
cameras, cell phones and headsets to laptops, but this could
easily change if WiFi hardware becomes cheaper or Bluetooth
hardware gets faster. In most applications, Bluetooth is a
convenient way to eliminate a cord as opposed to the only way to
17
Before We Start Troubleshooting
get the job done. Most laptop users with built-in Bluetooth
capability probably never use it, or even know that it's there.
What's My Laptop Worth?
When a laptop suffers a major failure, the first thing to do is
estimate both a repair cost AND a replacement cost. We aren't
fans of the disposable culture or the waste involved in replacing
equipment that can be repaired, but we'd be doing you a
disservice by ignoring the cost trade-off between repairing and
replacing a laptop. When calculating the replacement cost, it
should be based on the cost of a brand new laptop that meets
your needs, not on some high-end model that has everything
you could possibly dream of and only weighs three pounds.
What you paid for your current laptop two or three years ago has
no relationship to the value. You may have gotten a great deal,
you may have been ripped off, but laptop technology has been
advancing rapidly and prices have fallen dramatically, especially
if you know how to shop.
You may save a lot of money by troubleshooting and
repairing your own laptop, especially if the cost of having it
repaired for you is so high that the only logical alternative would
be to buy a replacement. Yet it turns out that you can usually
find a new laptop that will suit most purposes for between $400
and $500 in the U.S., by shopping for new laptops that are
nearing the end of their product cycle and thus have rebates.
Not only will it come with the latest operating system installed,
but the battery will be new and the unit will be covered by a
manufacturer's warranty. The best comparison shopping source
to locate laptop bargains at the major electronic chains is
www.salescircular.com, which simply aggregates the Sunday
newspaper specials with rebate information from the major
electronics outlets in every state. We specified the U.S. above
because laptops in many countries are subject to special duties
or sold through exclusive distribution networks that double the
price and greatly impact the repair/replace calculus.
In case you decide to go the route of buying a new laptop,
don't buy with the intention of upgrading or the attractive price
will dissolve like a desert mirage. Never buy the extended
warranty from the store. While you'll occasionally run into
somebody who bought the extended warranty and ended up
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
with a lemon they had replaced, the stores sell these warranties
because they are profitable for the stores, not for the consumers.
It's difficult for people to let go of their original purchase
price as a starting point in assigning a value to their laptops. But
new cars that famously lose a percentage of their value when you
drive them off the lot don't age as quickly as laptops, and you
can still drive a fifty year old car on the highway. You can't get
on the Internet with a twenty year old laptop, and you need to be
a little eccentric (and very patient) to do it with a ten year old
model. The built-in wireless which allows you to access the
Internet from public places or anywhere in your house with a
wireless router has only been around for a few years, and the
same is true for laptops capable of running Microsoft's Vista
operating system.
Shopping For Used Laptops
Shopping for used items is a passion for some people, but if we
could only give one word of advice about buying a used laptop, it
would be "Don't." Fortunately, talk is cheap so we'll go on at
length about when it does or doesn't make sense to buy second
hand and how much to pay for different capacity models. But
remember you can almost always find a new laptop for under
$500 in the U.S. at a local big-box retailer. You'll get a brand
new laptop with the latest Windows installed and enough
memory to run it, a big hard drive, a combination DVD/CD
recorder and player, built-in USB 2.0, WiFi, 56K modem and a
wired network connection as well. The battery will be new, so
you'll actually be able to work untethered for a few hours at a
time, and you'll be able to expect two or three years of trouble
free operation if you don't abuse it.
New laptop purchasers often have an old one to sell, so
they're available everywhere from eBay to newspaper ads,
company-to-employee sales to PC shops, and of course, Internet
sites. The major used laptop sellers on the Internet are usually
selling reconditioned or remanufactured units, where
reconditioned basically means they turned it on and it worked
and remanufactured means something was broken so they
replaced it. The term "factory second" means it failed the final
test at the factory, so instead of shipping it, they reworked it on
19
Before We Start Troubleshooting
the spot and didn't sell it as new. Sort of like buying scuffed
shoes at a discount clothing outlet.
There are more brand name laptops than desktops sold
these days, with some popular models being the Dell Latitude,
Toshiba Satellite, Sony Vaio, HP Pavilion, Lenovo Thinkpad,
Acer Aspire and Apple iBook. Most of these models have been
around forever, which means you can't just buy a Satellite and
assume that you're getting a recent Toshiba laptop. The
Thinkpad, Sony Vaio and the Apple laptops probably hold their
value a little better than the other brands, because they are
rarely sold at deep discounts, even on closeout. However, there's
no reason to pay for name recognition in a used laptop, and
notebooks that have operated long enough to be sold used are
well beyond any initial quality concerns.
Second hand laptop prices are often advertised as
discounted from their list price. Their original list price! You
couldn't find a laptop priced for less than a grand a few years
ago. A company that bought a bunch of cheap laptops a few
years back for a $1000 each and is now replacing them with new
laptops will offer them to employees at 50% off. The employees
believe it's a great bargain and pay $500 for obsolete junk with
worn out batteries (with the software removed if the company is
conscientious) when they could be buying a brand new laptop
for the same price that's several generations better. The same
thing happens with the used and reconditioned notebooks sold
over the Internet or on eBay. The seller says, "List price $1,699"
or "I paid $2,349" but they're talking about retail laptop prices
without rebates that are two or three years old.
Look carefully at the capabilities of these notebooks.
Their CPU speed probably doesn't meet the latest operating
system requirements, they won't have much memory installed,
nor a DVD recorder, and if they include wireless, it may be an
external adapter. The battery will be on its last legs, and the
screen will have dead pixels, and the USB ports will be the older
1.1 version. The keyboard and mouse pointer will be old and
unresponsive. The model that "listed" at $1,699 will be
promoted as a steal at $795, and the $2,349 laptop (with
"$1,000 of software I added") will have a minimum bid of
$1200. They may get it too, but not from you. You could be
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
buying a new high-end laptop for that kind of money, with a new
warranty, the latest legal software and all the bells and whistles.
Then, you finally find some cheap used laptop prices,
between $200 and $400. Sounds a lot better on the face of it,
but here's what we found doing a little Internet shopping today.
The "Special" on one of the Internet's top sites was a 650 MHz
HP notebook Pentium III with Windows 98. They were selling it
for $429 before shipping and handling. That's eight year old
technology! No wireless, an 18 GB hard drive (cheap new
notebooks ship with 100 GB hard drives, five times the
capacity), and while Windows 98 was a good release, Windows
XP or Vista are required to install most new software. The same
store offers a whole range of used laptop models for $299, all
with tiny hard drives (6 GB), less than a fifteenth of what you'd
get in a $500 new model), Windows 98, 128 MB of RAM and
CPU speeds under 400 MHz!! These are typical prices for used
notebooks, and you're paying 60% to 120% of the price of a new
laptop for one that won't run software you need and can't be
upgraded. All over the Internet you'll see second hand laptops
with Pentium III CPU's selling for between $500 and $1000,
advertised as bargains, it's just insane.
Price Range Advice
$400 - $500 Buy a brand new laptop with factory and store rebates.
Make sure you fill out the rebate paperwork correctly,
stick with in-store rebates if possible.
$300 - $400 The only used laptop we would recommend buying in
this range is a lightweight or desktop replacement
model running Windows XP or Vista, with built-in
wireless and a DVD recorder, and then only from
somebody you know.
$200 - $300 If a friend or family member has a laptop less than one
year old that they want to sell you because they've
bought a better one, just make sure it suits your needs
and check the battery life.
$100 - $200 You can gamble a little in this price range, meaning if
you're buying a beater laptop to drag around, as long as
it has wireless and works, you might get what you paid
for.
$0 - $100 Before you accept a free laptop, understand that the
local landfill will probably charge you $10 or $20 to
dispose of it if you find it's not any use to you.
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Before We Start Troubleshooting
This value analysis ignores one major factor; the software
and data on your hard drive. If you've installed software and no
longer have the original installation discs, or programs that
won't function under a new operating system, you may be
willing to spend more on repairs. If you have data on the hard
drive of a dead laptop you haven't backed up, treat that as a
separate issue. If the hard drive is still alive, the data can be
easily read off in another machine. Just remember these two
things. First, your laptop is going to die or become obsolete
sooner or later and probably sooner, so at some point you'll be
throwing good money after bad. Second, one of the most
common and cost effective laptop repairs is to replace a failed
hard drive. Unfortunately, a failed hard drive means the loss of
your programs and data unless you have back-ups.
Ironically, the most sensible purchase of a used laptop
you can make is purchasing a broken one, providing it's the
exact same model as yours and you need the good parts. For
example, if your laptop experiences a motherboard failure, it's
normally a death sentence since new motherboard prices are
prohibitive. If you can find somebody selling the exact model on
eBay with a dead hard drive and a cracked screen, needless to
say, you'll get it cheap. Then you can move your hard drive and
LCD to the replacement laptop, and you're back up and running,
with parts to spare.
Shopping for New Laptops
Shopping for a laptop based on how much you can afford is a
mistake that normally leads to spending too much. You need to
determine what functionality you require before you start
shopping for a new laptop. For some users, the style and the
color of the laptop will be the deciding factor, and nothing we
can write in this book is going to change your taste or priorities.
But if your interest in purchasing a laptop is to acquire a tool for
accomplishing certain tasks, we can probably save you some
money.
We aren't going to refer to specific CPU brands and
speeds, memory technologies, hard drive access times or the
latest generation of anything. In the context of this book, we're
assuming you're shopping as an alternative to gambling on an
expensive repair that may not solve the problems with your
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
current laptop. Getting you fixed up with your dream laptop
isn't the point, we just want to make sure that if you do buy a
new laptop, you buy one that will meet your needs for a couple
years.
Laptop manufacturers design their different model lines
to appeal to different markets, though the basic functionality of
all the units when sitting on a desk and plugged into a power
outlet is very similar. The processor speed and the hard drive
capacity are far less important to the average user than the built-
in options, such as digital film readers, a web cam, or extended
life battery and hot-swap capability. Despite the best efforts of
the manufacturers to segment the laptop market into distinct
audiences with increasing price points, they do a fairly poor job
at explaining the differences between their model lines. So your
principal homework before you start shopping for a new laptop
is to determine which of the following groups you fall into.
Basic Consumer Model
The least expensive laptops, the ones we keep referring to as
being available new with or without rebates in the $400 to $500
range, are the basic consumer models. These laptops generally
represent the state of the art - of the previous year and are
designed primarily for low manufacturing cost. Despite the less-
than-exciting design goal, these laptops are still very capable
and powerful machines because they are sold in a very
competitive environment. They normally weigh in the five or six
pound range, come standard with the latest Microsoft operating
system, and are unfortunately loaded with "free" trial version
software.
The basic consumer model laptop will run any standard
software you buy. It simply won't run that software as fast as a
model that's designed for high performance. The standard
laptop will happily connect to the WiFi hotspot in your home or
local café, and will offer high speed USB connectors for hooking
up printers, scanners, cameras, etc. It will have a practical
battery life of two or three hours, and a reasonably good LCD
display. It probably won't have any advanced security features,
such as a fingerprint scanner or face recognition, but these
features are less practical than showy.
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Before We Start Troubleshooting
The Home Entertainment Laptop
Once the province of desktop PCs, laptops have pushed into the
home entertainment market, especially with younger consumers
who may move frequently and appreciate the all-in-one
approach of having the screen, computer, DVD player and
Internet connection all in one small package. Laptops designed
for the home entertainment market tend to have faster CPUs
and larger screens, employing the 16:9 letterbox format which is
ideal for movie playback and some gaming applications. They
may also feature brand-name video processors and better sound
reproduction than standard consumer models. However, there's
only so much you can get out of tiny laptop speakers and limited
amplification, so most people using a laptop for home
entertainment will purchase USB speakers. More serious
gamers, at least for the near future, will stick with desktop PCs,
as a high performance video adapter for gaming requires more
power than an entire laptop, and costs more than a low-end
model as well. Home entertainment laptops run from $600 to
$1000.
Business Laptops and Tablets
Laptops targeted at business users are more likely to feature
docking station connectors. Docking stations allow the laptop to
be quickly installed in a base that ties it into all of the business
systems in your office, such as the network, printers, a standard
keyboard and mouse, all without fooling around with multiple
USB connectors and networking cables. Docking stations may
also offer a DVD recorder, or other devices missing from a super
lightweight laptop. Business models are also more likely to
support hot-swap bays for flexibility, so you can install a second
hard drive in place of the DVD drive, or a second battery for that
eight hour flight. They also tend to ship with less junky trial
software, since corporate IT departments have less patience and
more say in the matter than the average consumer.
A hybrid laptop/tablet design is becoming more popular
with students and businessmen alike, although the original
tablets were quite distinct from laptops in their design. The
hybrid laptop/tablet employs a screen with a single hinge point
in the middle that allows the touch screen capable LCD to be
swiveled all the way around and laid back over the keyboard,
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
with the screen facing up. At this point, the laptop functions like
a very capable tablet, and can be used for taking notes longhand,
drawing, or stepping through checklists and forms with a stylus,
a popular business application for field representatives. Prices
for tablets and business laptops range from $700 to $1500.
Desktop Replacements
Laptop manufacturers struggle to draw a line between their
home entertainment and desktop replacement lines, but that
line is rapidly disappearing. The key design goal of desktop
replacement laptops is to come as close as possible to the
performance and capacities of desktop PCs without sacrificing
portability. This results in heavier laptops that draw more
power, have shorter battery lives, and often sport outrageously
large screens. The assumption behind desktop replacements is
that they will usually be placed on a reasonably sturdy desk or
table, plugged into the wall, and stay in the same place most of
the day. But, unlike desktop PCs, you can actually take these on
the bus or the plane if you need to, and specially designed
backpacks and rolling luggage are making this a more practical
option. For the salesperson who travels by car and sets up shop
in a motel room every night, it is the next best thing to bringing
his entire office with him.
Desktop replacement users will often opt for a port
replicator. A port replicator is the poor man's version of a
docking station, and port replicators sold by the manufacturer
often use the docking station connector. Aftermarket port
replicators that use the PC card slot or USB port can't offer quite
as much functionality, but they are portable between systems
and may meet your needs better. Port replicators allow you to
connect USB devices, a keyboard, mouse, wired network, etc, by
plugging them into the port replicator rather than attaching four
or five cables to the laptop. That way, when you want to take the
laptop to the coffee shop, you only have to pull one connection,
and you're on your way. Desktop replacements are priced in the
$800 to $2000 range.
Lightweight Travel Laptops
Finally, we come to the luxury cars of the laptop world, the
lightweight travel models. For starters, you can expect to pay
25
Before We Start Troubleshooting
between three and five times the cost of an entry level consumer
laptop for a reduction of about 50% in weight. Lightweight
laptops may weigh as much as four pounds, if they feature a full
size keyboard, a reasonable size screen and a permanently
installed DVD recorder. But as you move up in price and down
in weight, the screens and keyboards become smaller, and the
standard options you have come to expect in even the cheapest
laptops begin to drop away. The first feature to go in lightweight
laptops is normally the DVD drive. Rather than featuring a hot
swap bay for flexible configuration, the lightweight laptops are
more likely to offer an extended life battery as an option, one
that adds size and weight to the laptop.
You won't find a lot of choice for true travel notebooks
when you check your local big box retailer, though they may
have a small Sony Vaio for around $2,000 and some version of a
light Toshiba. Shopping for serious lightweight notebooks is best
done on the manufacturer websites. After you zero in on the
exact model that suits your needs, you can try shopping other
websites on price, but there's usually not much variation in the
high end models. Sony, Dell and Lenovo (Thinkpad) are the
lightweight or sub-notebook leaders, but Toshiba, HP and Acer
also sell models that come close to the four pound limit, and
don't leave you stuck carrying around an external DVD drive.
Lightweight laptops can cost anywhere from $1000 to $3000.
Laptop Upgrades
First, let us reiterate that you should never buy a used laptop
with the intention of upgrading it. If you've owned a laptop since
buying it new or if it was given to you as a hand-me-down, an
upgrade may be worth looking at if you need a little more
functionality.
The easiest and most effective upgrade most laptop
owners can make is upgrading the RAM. A ancient second hand
notebook with 32MB of RAM will see a major performance
increase (especially when you open multiple windows) if you
upgrade it to 64MB, and an old notebook with 64 MB will run
"like new" if you add 128MB for 192MB total. Newer laptops
with 256 MB or 512 MB installed can often be upgraded to 1 GB,
but if your plan is to install Microsoft Vista, make sure the rest
of the hardware, especially the CPU, is up to speed.
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The Laptop Repair Workbook E-Version 1.2
Laptop RAM is usually upgraded by removing an access
panel on the bottom of the notebook that's secured by a single
screw, and snapping the new module into place. However, Illustrated RAM
upgrade capacity is normally limited to a single module unless upgrade:
you remove the factory installed RAM, and the size and
www.fonerbooks.com
technology of that memory module is fixed in advance by the /laptop_2.htm
laptop manufacturer. Consult your owner's manual or visit the
memory guide at crucial.com before attempting to upgrade. The
trick is to first make sure your laptop doesn't already have the
maximum amount of RAM installed, and to buy the right
module. Also, some laptops don't feature easy access to the RAM
slots, and you'll have to remove the keyboard or open up the
body.
Now comes the bad news. The RAM is the only internal
laptop component that can be easily upgraded. The problem is
three-fold. First, laptops are highly proprietary, and an upgrade
part like a DVD burner that will fit the physical form, provide
the right connector and be supported by the laptop BIOS may
not exist. In some instances, you may be able to use the outer
plastic bezel and metal frame from the original CD/DVD-ROM
to match a new recorder to the body of the notebook, but it still
has to be a supported model. Second, these parts are so much
more expensive than desktop components that it's not funny.
Your best bet is to buy "pulls," components scavenged from
broken or discarded units, but even these aren't cheap. Your
current laptop BIOS may not support the new CD or DVD drive,
or even a larger capacity hard drive. Never fool around with
flashing the laptop BIOS unless you are absolutely desperate,
because if it goes wrong, you'll be left with a brick. Third, while
you can generally install a larger hard drive, it probably won't be
any faster and transferring all of your software is quite a job and
rarely a simple task.
You can't upgrade the motherboard in your laptop. In
most cases, you can't even replace it cost effectively if it fails.
The same goes for the LCD screen, though you can hook up to an
external monitor if your screen is failing and you aren't ready to
replace it. You may be able to upgrade the CPU if you