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CRAY-I S.
COnpUTER SYSTCil
liD SUBSYSTE~ STATION
OPERATOR'S ~ORKBOOK
T-0202
CHAPTER 1
1/0 SUBSYSTEM HARDWARE OVERVIEW
INPUT/OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM
INCREASES CRAY-! S CPU THROUGHPUT BY REDUCING ITS 1/0 AND
FRONT-END RESPONSIBILITIES.
STREAMS DATA TO CENTRAL MEMORY OVER AN 810 MBIT/S CHANNEL. '
PROVIDES ACCESS TO ADDITIONAL PERIPHERALS. (TAPES)
FUNCTIONS AS A MAINTENANCE CONTROL UNIT.
DRIVES UP TO 48 DD-29 DISK DRIVES FOR MASS STORAGE.
ALLOWS OPERATOR CONTROL OF COS.
COLLECTS AND CONCENTRATES DATA FROM FRONT-ENDS.
PROVIDES FOR JOB AND DATA ENTRY.
DISTRIBUTES CPU OUTPUT TO SLOWER PERIPHERAL EXPANDER DEVICES.
CONSISTS OF TWO TO FOUR 1/0 PROCESSORS WITH A SHARED BUFFER MEMORY.
1.2
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INDIVIDUAL 1/0 PROCESSOR
LOCAL MEMORY:
65 536 WORDS
J
16 BITSIWORD
2.43 GIGABIT BAND WIDTH
COMPUTATION SECTION:
INSTRUCTION CONTROL NETWORK
2 FUNCTIONAL UNITS (ADDER AND SHIFTER)
LOGICAL 'AND' OPERATION
512 OPERAND REGISTERS
1 PROGRAMMER-VISIBLE ACCUMULATOR
SINGLE ADDRESS MODE
76 MEGAHZ CYCLE TIME
1/0 SECTION:
6 DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DMA) PORTS
810 MEGABIT/S MAXIMUM TRANSFER RATE PER PORT
SEVERAL CHANNELS MAY MULTIPLEX INTO ONE PORT
1.4
MODEL NUMBERING CONVENTION
CRAY-l S/1200 THROUGH 14400 CONTAIN AN 1/0 SUBSYSTEM
FIRST DIGIT INDICATES SIZE OF CENTRAL MEMORY IN MEGAWORDS
SECOND DIGIT INDICATES NUMBER OF 1/0 PROCESSORS
EXAMPLE:
CRAY-l S/2300 HAS 2 MILLION WORDS
OF CENTRAL MEMORY AND 3 1/0 PROCESSORS.
1.5
CRAY-! S/x300
THREE PROCESSOR SYSTEM
1. MASTER 1/0 PROCESSOR (MIOP)
CONTROLS FRONT END-INTERFACES.
HAS THREE DISPLAY CONSOLES.
HAS AN EXPANDER CHANNEL WHICH MULTIPLEXES A PRINTER
AND A MAG TAPE UNIT.
CONNECTS TO BUFFER MEMORY THROUGH A DMA CHANNEL.
EXCHANGES CONTROL SIGNALS WITH CPU OVER A LOW-SPEED
CRAY-! S CHANNEL PAIR.
COMMUNICATES WITH OTHER lOPs OVER ACCUMULATOR CHANNELS.
MAINTAINS SYSTEM INFORMATION ERROR LOG.
COORDINATES ACTIONS OF CPU AND OTHER lOPs.
2. BUFFER I/O PROCESSOR (BIOP)
HANDLES DATA TRANSFERS BETWEEN CPU AND I/O SUBSYSTEM
CONNECTS DIRECTLY TO CENTRAL MEMORY.
CONNECTS TO BUFFER MEMORY THROUGH A DMA CHANNEL.
COMMUNICATES WITH OTHER lOPs OVER ACCUMULATOR CHANNELS.
DRIVES UP TO 16 DD-29 DISK DRIVES.
1.6
3. BLOCK MULTIPLEXER I/O PROCESSOR (XIOP)
CONNECTS TO BUFFER MEMORY THROUGH A DMA CHANNEL.
COMMUNICATES WITH OTHER rops OVER ACCUMULATOR CHANNELS.
HANDLES 1 TO 16 BLOCK MUX (IBM COMPATIBLE) CHANNELS.
--
1 .7
110 3
FRO'lT-B'{O
INTERFACES
I
I
I
,
f
. -.
I
r "
~1IOP EXPANDER
CHASSIS
1 TO 16 1 TO 4 BIOP
DD-29 BUFFER
DISK UNITS MSVDRY
1 TO 16
CHANNELS
.. - XIOP
- - - - EXTERNAL CHMNEL
====:. 810 MB I TS/ S I1v1A CHl\NNEL
II I \ I 50 MBITS/S CRAY-l S CHANNEL PAIR
-- ACCLI~ULATOR CHANNEL
, \ \ \ 810 ME I 1.S/S ~1SVDRY CHANNEL
FIGURE 1-2 BLOCK DIAGRftM OF S/13CO, S/2300 AND S/4300 SYSTEMS
WITH BLOCK MULTIPLEXER CHANNELS.
1.8
CHAPTER 2
OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
FUNCTIONS
PERFORMS I/O BETWEEN CPU AND PERIPHERALS
MANAGES FRONT-END COMMUNICATIONS
PERFORMS STATION FUNCTIONS
DEADSTARTS CPU
2.2
CHARACTERISTICS
MULTI-TASKING
UP TO 32 TASKS ACTIVE AT A TIME
NONPRE-EMPTIVE SCHEDULING
SIMPLE 16 LEVEL TASK PRIORITY SCHEME
INTERRUPT DRIVEN
EXTENSIVE USE OF OVERLAYS
2.3
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
KERNEL
NUCLEUS OF OPERATING SYSTEM.
LOCAL MEMORY RESIDENT.
EXECUTES IN EACH I/O PROCESSOR WITH MINOR MODIFICATIONS.
RESPONSIBLE FOR:
ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT
INTER-ACTIVITY COMMUNICATION
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
INTERRUPT HANDLING
INTER-PROCESSOR COMMUNICATION
OVERLAYS
RESIDE IN BUFFER MEMORY.
READ INTO LOCAL r,1EMORY ~~HEN NEEDED.
MAKE UP THE BULK OF THE SYSTEM.
NOT ALL USED BY ANY ONE PROCESSOR.
DISK SUBSYSTE~l
RESIDES MOSTLY IN BUFFER MEMORY AS OVERLAYS.
EXECUTES IN BICP OR DIOP.
STATION SUBSYST8~
RESIDES IN BUFFER MEMORY AS OVERLAYS.
EXECUTES MOSTLY IN MIOP.
CONCENTRATOR SUBSYSTEM
RESIDES IN BUFFER MEMORY AS OVERLAYS.
EXECUTES MOSTLY IN MIOP.
INTERACTIVE CONCENTRATOR SUBSYSTEM
RESIDES IN BUFFER MEMORY AS OVERLAYS.
EXECUTES MOSTLY IN MIOP.
TAPE SUBSYSTEM
RESIDES IN BUFFER MEMORY AS OVERLAYS.
EXECUTES IN XIOP.
2.4
BUFFER
MIOP MEMORY
KERNEL
f----- --------
r- - _CQNCErilRAJOB - - -
f-- __ STATION ___ _ OVERLAYS!. I
I
I NTERACnVE--'
~ .- - -
CON-C'~-
-:- . -- DISK SUBSYSTEM !
-- CONCENTRATOR
BIOP
-- STATION
KERNEL -- INTERACTIVE I
C8NCENT~ATOR I
f-o------- - VLL// -- TAPE SUBSYSTEM I
I DISK SUBSYSTEM ; !
F ~ -siAI~J3(Wc~ -~NiR0
DIOP
KERNEL
XIOP
KERNEL
r----- -
1--- - - -
TAPE SUBSYSTEM
- -
FIGURE 2-1 lOS SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION
2.5
KERNEL CONSOLE CALLABLE OVERLAYS
CERTAIN OVERLAY ACTIVITIES MAY BE CREATED BY KEYING IN OVERLAY
NAME AT KERNEL CONSOLE.
KERNEL CREATES ACTIVITY FOR THE OVERLAY AND PUTS IT ON lOP
CENTRAL PROCESSOR QUEUE.
ACTIVITY THEN PROCEEDS AS ANY OTHER ACTIVITY.
OPERATOR MAY USE THIS FACILITY TO:
DEADSTART CPU
BRING UP THE STATION
START A CONCENTRATOR
ENTER THE INTERACTIVE CONCENTRATOR
RUN TEST ROUTINES
2.6
lOS STATION
FUNCTIONS
PROVIDES A MEANS FOR OPERATOR-CPU COMMUNICATION.
CONTROLS OPERATOR CONSOLES
MAY BE USED AS A BATCH JOB ENTRY STATION
JOBS OR DATASETS STAGED FROM TAPE
MAY ACCEPT CPU OUTPUT AND DISTRIBUTE IT TO MAG TAPE OR PRINTER
ALLOWS ON-LINE DEBUGGING OF CPU
2,8
CHARACTERISTICS
RESIDES IN BUFFER MEMORY AS OVERLAYS.
EXECUTES MOSTLY IN MIOP WITH SOME HIGH SPEED TRANSFERS THROUGH BIOP.
MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE STATION ACTIVE AT A TIME.
EACH STATION MUST HAVE A DEDICATED CONSOLE.
THEY MUST SHARE THE EXPANDER PERIPHERALS.
TWO OR MORE CONSOLES MAY BE SUPPORTED BY ONE
STATION.
COMMUNICATES WITH CPU IN STANDARD CRAY MESSAGE FORMAT.
APPEARS TO BE JUST ANOTHER FRONT-END STATION TO CPU.
OPERATOR COMMANDS VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL TO THOSE OF THE PRESENT
DATA GENERAL ECLIPSE STATION.
2.9
OVERVIEW OF STATION MESSAGE FLOW
I. OPERATOR INITIATES A STATION COMMAND.
2. MIOP BUILDS A MESSAGE.
3. MIOP WRITES THIS MESSAGE TO BUFFER MEMORY.
"-
4. BIOP SENDS THE MESSAGE TO CENTRAL MEMORY.
5. MIOP TELLS CPU MESSAGE IS IN CENTRAL MEMORY.
6. CPU PROCESSES MESSAGE AND BUILDS A RESPONSE.
7. BIOP READS RESPONSE MESSAGE AND PUTS IT IN BUFFER MEMORY.
8. MIOP READS RESPONSE MESSAGE IN FROM BUFFER MEMORY.
9. IF APPROPRIATE~ CONSOLE IS UPDATED WITH NEW INFORMATION.
2. "10
CONCENTRATOR
FUNCTIONS
ALLOWS APPARENT DIRECT COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE CPU AND
A FRONT-END.
LOOKS LIKE A CRAY-! S CHANNEL PAIR TO FRONT-END.
THUS NO CHANGES NECESSARY TO EXISTING
FRONT-END STATIONS~
MAY REDUCE THE NUMBER OF INTERRUPTS TO THE CPU PER FRONT-END
MESSAGE.
WILL REDUCE CENTRAL MEMORY MESSAGE SEGMENT BUFFERS WHEN BACK
DOOR TO DISK IS AVAILABLE.
2.12
CHARACTERISTICS
RESIDES IN BUFFER MEMORY AS OVERLAYS.
EXECUTES MOSTLY IN MIOP WITH HIGH SPEED TRANSFERS TO CPU
THROUGH BIOP.
ONE ACTIVE CONCENTRATOR FOR EACH FRONT-END CHANNEL PAIR.
MAY HAVE SEVERAL LOGICAL ID'S LOGGED ON TO ONE
CONCENTRATOR.
EACH ID MAY HAVE A DIFFERENT SEGMENT SIZE.
CONTROLLED VIA CONC AND ENDCONC KERNEL CONSOLE COMMANDS.
2.13
CHAPTER 3
KERNEL CONSOLE COMMANDS
THE FOLLOWING OPERATOR COMMANDS PERFORM NON-STATION FUNCTIONS.
THESE ARE ENTERED AT THE KERNEL CONSOLE OF AN lOP.
CRAY
STATION
CONC
ENDCONC
START
CONFIG
TRACE
HPLOAD
3.2
INITIALIZES THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE IDS AND THE CPU.
THIS IS NECESSARY BEFORE MESSAGES CAN BE
EXCHANGED.
PERFORMED IMPLICITLY BY CONC AND START COMMANDS.
STATION GnumJ
INITIALIZES THE lOS STATION AT CONSOLE
num. num=O)lJ2 J3
IF num NOT SPECIFIED J A DEFAULT CONSOLE IS USED.
INITIALIZES A CONCENTRATOR FOR THE FRONT-END CHANNEL
PAIR IDENTIFIED BY ch.ch=O)l)2.
IF ch NOT SPECIFIED) 0 IS USED.
:.. "I
END CON C LJ Cll J
TERMINATES CONCENTRATOR chi
IF ch NOT SPECIFIED) 0 IS USED.
3.3
START S" MT~:n, [, SV/SYSdSn]l.. r;n~:n2 [SV/pardSn J
lSYSdSn 'J l ~ardSn
DEADSTARTS THE CPU ACCORDING TO SPECIFIED COS
BINARY FILE (sysdsn) AND PARAMETER FILE (pardsn).
IF DEADSTART IS FROM TAPEJ THE FILES MAY BE SAVED
IN THE COS AND PAR DIRECTORIES ON DISK.
REFER TO CHAPTER 5 FOR A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF
DEADSTART.
CONFIG
DISPLAYS RESOURCES AND CHANNEL CONFIGURATION
INFORMATION AT THE KERNEL CONSOLE.
MAY BE DONE AT ANY lOP KERNEL CONSOLE.
TRACE command
ALLOWS OPERATOR TO SELECTIVELY ENABLE/DISABLE
SELECTED EVENTSJ AND TO PRINT OUT LOCAL AND BUFFER
MEMORY TRACE BUFFERS.
MAY BE DONE AT ANY lOP KERNEL CONSOLE.
REFER TO CHAPTER 6 FOR A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THE
COMr~ANDS .
HPLOAD fn
LOADS HEADER PAGE DATA FROM TAPE FILE NUMBER fn.
3.4
CHAPTER 4
lOS STATION COMMANDS
STATION COMMANDS ARE ENTERED AT A DEDICATED STATION CONSOLE.
TERMINATE EACH COMMAND WITH THE RETURN KEY.
THE STATION PROCESSES EACH COMMAND AS IT IS ENTERED AND
IND ICATES COr~PLET ION BY D SPLAY ING THE > PROMPT CHARACTER.
I
NORMALLY) STATION COMMANDS ARE DISPLAYED ON THE LOWER THREE
LINES OF THE DISPLAY.
ALL BUT THREE OF THE REMAINING LINES
ARE USED TO DISPLAY REQUESTED INFORMATION.
LINE
1 _CRAY-l ~ ~TATION)_V~R~IQN_l~x~ ___________ _
,2 __________STATION !1E~S8.GE.S _________ _
3
DISPLAY AREA
20
21
22 ~ ================----------------------1
23 ) COMMAND/RESPONSE AREA
24 I>
FIGURE 4-1. STATION DISPLAY FORMAT
4.2
KEY FUNCTION
RETURN INITIATES THE COMMAND.
RUBOUT BACKSPACES AND ERASES ONE CHARACTER ON THE LINE.
CONTROL-U DELETES THE ENTIRE LINE.
+ OR '/ ROLLS DISPLAY FORWARD ONE FRAME IF ENTERED
AS FIRST CHARACTER OF A LINE.
- OR < ROLLS DISPLAY BACKWARD ONE FRAME IF ENTERED
AS FIRST CHARACTER OF A LINE.
ESC DISCARDS UNPROCESSED KEYBOARD INPUT AND
REFRESHES THE ENTIRE SCREEN.
CONTROL-A RECALLS PREVIOUS COMMAND) EDITED BY ANY
SUBSEQUENT KEYBOARD INPUT) AND POSITIONS
THE CURSOR AT THE END OF THE COMMAND.
CONTROL-X EQUIVALENT TO CONTROL-A AND A RETURN.
TABLE 4-1. lOS STATION SPECIAL KEYS
4.3
STATION COMMANDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS THREE BASIC TYPES:
BATCH ENTRY COMMANDS
OPERATOR STATION COMMANDS
DISPLAY AND STATUS RESPONSE COMMANDS
Command Function
Station software activation
LOGON Establishes communications between a I/O
Subsystem station and the CRAY-l CPU
LOGOFF Terminates communications between a I/O
Subsystem station and the CRAY-l CPU
Staging control
STAGE Halts or resumes staging of datasets between
CRAY-l CPU and the I/O Subsystem
Station.
SUBMIT Queues file for staging to CRAY-l mass
storage where dataset will be entered into
job input queue
SAVE Queues a file to CRAY-l mass storage where
it will be made a permanent dataset
Miscellaneous control
SNAP Copies display screen image to a line printer
END Terminates console 'operation
DELAY Suspends processing of a command for a
specified time interval
CONSOLE Adds another MIOP console to the Station
software
POLL Sets the rate at which control messages are
exchanged with the CRAY-l CPU
SET Modifies the default value associated with
an operator station's ID and TID parameters
-TABLE 4-2. BATCH ENTRY COMMAND SUMMARY
4.4
Command Function
Job control
LIMIT Sets maximum number of jobs