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Instruction Manual
Model 7016
5062 GHz Multiplexer Card
Contains Operating and Servicing Information
WARRANTY
Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship Sora period of I year Cram date of
shipment.
Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables, rechargcahle batteries,
diskettes, and documentation.
During the warranty period, we will, at our option, either repair or replace any product that proves to be defective.
To exercise this warranty, write or call your local Keithley representative, or contact Keithley headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio. You will
be given prompt assistance and return instmctions. Send the product, transportation prepaid, to the indicated service facility. Repairs
will be made and the product returned, transportation prepaid. Repaired or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the origi-
nal warranty period, or at least 90 days.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTY
This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley's express written consent, or misuse of
any product or part. This warranty also does not apply to fuses, software, non-rechageable batteries, damage from battery leakage, or
problems arising from normal wear or failure to follow instructions.
THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE. THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE
BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
NEITHER KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC. NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDI-
RECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF ITS INSTRUMENTS AND
SOFTWARE EVEN IF KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC., HAS BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES. SUCH EXCLUDED DAMAGES SHALL INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO: COSTS OF REMOVAL
AND INSTALLATION, LOSSES SUSTAINED AS THE RESULT OF INJURY TO ANY PERSON, OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.
Model 7016 5OQ GHz Multiplexer Card
instruction Manual
01995, Kcithley Instruments, Inc.
Test Instrumentation Croup
All rights reserved.
Clcvcland, Ohio, U.S.A.
First Printing March 1995
IDocument Number: 7016.901~01 Rev. A
Manual Print History
The print history shown below lists the printing dates of all Revisions and Addenda created for this manual. The Revision
Level letter increases alphabetically as the manual undergoes subsequent updates. Addenda, which are released between Revi-
sions, contain important change information that the user should incorporate immediately into the manual. Addenda are num-
bered sequentially. When a new Revision is crcatcd, all Addenda associated with the previous Revision of the manual are
incorporated into the new Revision of the manual. Each new Revision includes a revised copy of this print history page.
Re"lslon A (oocumenr Number (7016-W-01) ,..,,...,.,,........................................................................ March ,995
Safety Precautions
The following safety precautions should be observed before using
this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some ins
strumcnts and acccssuries would normally hc used with non-haz-
ardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions
may bc prcscnt.
Do not connect switching c,uds directly IO unlimited power circuits.
This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recog- They arc intended 10 he used with impcdancc limired wurcer.
nix shack hazards and arc familiar with the safety precautions re- NEVER connecL switching cards directly tu AC nuin. When cons
quired to avoid possible injury. Read the operating information netting sources to switching cards, instill1 protcc~ivc dcviccs LOlime
czcfully before using the product. it fault currem and voltage IU the card.
Exercise ex~cme caution when a shack hazard is present. Lethal When fuses are used in a prodw. replace wilh ~ilmc type and rating
voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures. for conlinued protection againsl fire hazard.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a
shock hazard exists when voltage levels grcatcr than 30V RMS. Chassis connections must only he used as shield conncc~ions for
42.4V peak, or 60VDC arc present. A good safety practice is to ex- measuring circuits, NOT BS safety cwth ground connections.
pect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit
before measuring.
If you are using a Tesslixturc. keep the lid closed while power is apt
plied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the use of B
Before operating an instrument, make sure the lint cord is connect- lid interlock.
ed to a properly grounded power receptacle. Inspect the connecting
cab&. test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks
1fa @ screw is present, connect it 10 safety eanh ground using
before each use.
#I 8 AWG or larger wire.
For maximum safety, du not touch the product, test cables, or any
The f \ymhol on an instrument or accessory indicates that IOWV
other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under test.
or mom may be present on the terminals. Refer to the product mu
ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and dischrzge
ual for detailed operating information.
any capacitors before: connecting or disconnecting cables or jump-
ers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal
changes, such as installing or removing jumpers. Instrumentation and acccs~ories should not he conncctcd to hu-
IllB"E.
Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the
common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Maintenance should bc pcrformcd by qualified service personnel.
Always make mcasurcmcnts with dry hands while standing on a Before pctiorming any maintcnilnce. disconnect the line cord and
dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being all ,CSI cables.
measured.
SPECIFICATIONS
d.3
GHZ
<3."
<-55
<-60
<2.6
Table of Contents
1 General Information
1.1 introduction.. ........................................................................................................................................................ I I
1.2 Features ............................................................................................................................................................... I I
1.3 Warranty information .......................................................................................................................................... I I
1.4 Manual addenda .................................................................................................................................................. I I
1.5 Safety symbols and terms ................................................................................................................................... I-I
1.6 Specifications ...................................................................................................................................................... I-I
1.7 Unpacking and inspection ................................................................................................................................... I-2
1.7.1 Inspection for damage ................................................................................................................................ I-2
1.7.2 Handling precautions ................................................................................................................................. I-2
1.7.3 Shipment contents.. .................................................................................................................................... l-2
1.X Instruction manual ................................................................................................................................................ l-2
1.9 Repacking for shipment ....................................................................................................................................... l-2
1.10 Recommended accessories.. ................................................................................................................................. I-?
1.10.1 Connecting cables ...................................................................................................................................... I-?
1.10.2 Terminating resistors.. ................................................................................................................................ I-2
2 Connections and Installation
2. I Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-I
2.2 Handling precautions ........................................................................................................................................... 2-I
2.3 Conncclions .......................................................................................................................................................... 2- I
2.3.1 Simplified schematic .................................................................................................................................. 2 -I
2.3.2 Card configuration ..................................................................................................................................... 2-I
2.3.3 Input/outpul connecting cables .................................................................................................................. 2-3
2.3.4 Typical connecting schcmc ........................................................................................................................ 2-3
2.3.5 Input termination ........................................................................................................................................ 2-4
2.4 Card installation and removal .............................................................................................................................. 2-4
2.4. I Card installation ......................................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.4.2 Card removal.. ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5
3 Operation
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 3-I
3.2 Signal limitations ................................................................................................................................................. 3 I
3.3 Front panel control ............................................................................................................................................... 3-I
3.3.1 Closing and opening channels. ................................................................................................................... 3-I
3.3.2 Scanning channels ...................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4 IEEE-488 bus control ........................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4.1 Closing and opening channels. ................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4.2 Scanning channels ...................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.5 Switching considerations.. ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.5.1 Card characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.5.2 Cable characteristics .................................................................................................................................. 3-3
3.6 Applications.. ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.6. I Multiplexer expansion ............................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.6.2 Filter testing ............................................................................................................................................... 3.4
3.6.3 Impedance testing ...................................................................................................................................... 3-6
4 Service Information
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 4-l
4.2 Handling and cleaning precautions.. .................................................................................................................... 4-l
4.2.1 Handling precautions ................................................................................................................................. 4-I
4.2.2 Soldering considerations ............................................................................................................................ 4-l
4.3 Performance verification ..................................................................................................................................... 4-I
4.3. I Environmental conditions .......................................................................................................................... 4.2
4.3.2 Recommended verification equipment. ..................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.3 Insertion loss tesls.. .................................................................................................................................... 4.2
4.3.4 Isolation tests ............................................................................................................................................. 4.3
4.3.5 Special handling of static-scnsitivc devices .............................................................................................. 4.7
4.4 Principles of operation ......................................................................................................................................... 4.7
4.4.1 Block diagram.. .......................................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.4.2 Relay control .............................................................................................................................................. 4-X
4.4.3 Switching circuits ...................................................................................................................................... 4-X
4.4.4 Card configuration memory ....................................................................................................................... 4-X
4.5 Troubleshooting ................................................................................................................................................... 4-X
4.5. I Troubleshooting equipment.. ..................................................................................................................... 4-X
4.5.2 Troubleshooting procedure.. ...................................................................................................................... 4-X
5 Replaceable Parts
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Parts list.. ............................................................................................................................................................. 5-l
5.3 Ordering information.. ......................................................................................................................................... 5-l
5.4 Factory service.. ................................................................................................................................................... 5-l
5.5 Component layout and schematic diagram .......................................................................................................... 5-l
list of Illustrations
2 Connections and Instillation
Figure 2. I Model 7016 simphficd schematic.. .............................................................................................................. 2-2
Figure 2-2 Model 7016 configuration.. .......................................................................................................................... 2-Z
Figure 2-3 Typical connection scheme.. ........................................................................................................................ 2-3
Figure 2-4 5OQ terminator installation .......................................................................................................................... 2-J
Figure 2-5 Card installation in Model 7001.. ................................................................................................................ .2-S
Figure 2-6 Card installation in Model 7002.. ................................................................................................................ .2-h
3 Operation
Figure 3. I "T" connector multiplexer expansion ......................................................................................................... .3-J
Figure 3-2 4 x 4 matrix connections .............................................................................................................................. 3~5
Figure 3-3 Filter testing ............................................................................................................................................... ..l-6
Figure 3-4 Impedance testing ........................................................................................................................................ 3-7
4 Service Information
Figure 4-l Connections for insertion loss tests.. ............................................................................................................ 4-3
Figure 4-2 Connections for channel isolation tests ........................................................................................................ 4.4
Figure 4-3 Connections for center-to-shield isolation tests ........................................................................................... 4-S
Figure 4-4 Connections for multiplexer-to-multiplexer isolation tests.......................................................................... 4.6
Figure 4-5 Block diagram .............................................................................................................................................. 4-7
iii
List of Tables
4 Service Information
Table 4. I Rccommcndcd verification cquipmcnt ........................................................................................................ J-2
Table 4-2 lnsenion loss values ..................................................................................................................................... 4.2
Table 4-3 Recommended troubleshooting cquipmcnl .................................................................................................. 4-X
Table 4-4 Troubleshooting procedure .......................................................................................................................... 4-X
General Information
1.1 Introduction 1.4 Manual addenda
This section contains general information about the Model Any improvements or changes conccming the card or man-
7016 5051 GHz Multiplexer Card. The Model 7016 is ual will bc explained i" a" addendum included with the card.
equipped with two four-channel multiplcxers and is dc-
signed for SO8 operation. Provisions for user-supplied 5051
terminators are provided on the card. 1.5 Safety symbols and terms
The following symbols and tcrnu may be found 011 instru-
an
The
A:
1.2 Features mcnt or used in this manual.
Key Model 7016 features include:
symbol on equipment indicates that you should re-
* Two independent multiplexers each with four channels. fer to the operating instructions located in the instruction
- SO!2 characteristic impedance. "Xl"U~l.
l Provisions for user-supplied SMB terminators to main-
tain nominal 5Os2 characteristic impedance for off The WARNING heading used in this numual explains du-
channels. gcrs that might result in personal illjury or death. Always
read the associated information very carefully bcforc pcr-
* 1.3GHz bandwidth. Corming the indicated procedure.
* Low insertion loss (<3dB @ I .3GHz.).
- Low VSWR assures good high-frequency performance. The CAUTION heading used in this manual explains haz-
ards that could damage the multiplexer card. Such damage
may invalidate the warranty.
1.3 Warranty information
Warranty information is located on the inside front cover of 1.6 Specifications
this instruction manual. Should your Model 7016 require
warranty service, contact the Keithley representative OTau- Model 7016 specilications are located at the front of this
thorized repair facility in your area for further information. manual.
When returning the card for repair, be sure to fill o"t and in-
clude the service form at the back of this manual in order to
provide the repair facility with the necessary information.
1.7 Unpacking and inspection 1.9 Repacking for shipment
1.7.1 Inspection for damage Should it become necessary to return the Model 7016 for re-
pair, carefully pack the unit in its original packing carton or
The Model 7016 is packaged in are-sealable, anti-static bag the cquivalcnt, and include the following information:
to protect it from damage due to static discharge and from
contamination that could degrade its performance. Before re- - Advise as to the warranty stztus of the card.
moving the card from the bag, observe the precautions on * Write ATTENTION REPAIR DEPARTMENT on the
handling discussed below. shipping label.
* Fill out and include the service form located at the back
of this manual.
1.7.2 Handling precautions
* Always grasp the card by the side cdgcs and covci-s. Do
not touch the board surfaces or components. 1 .I 0 Recommended accessories
- After removing the card from its anti-static bag, inspecl Recommended cables and lcrminating resistors are covered
it for any obvious signs of physical damage. Repon any below. Thcsc itcms arc not stocked by Keithley and must be
such damage to the shipping agent immediately. obtained from other sources.
- When the card is not installed in a switching main-
franc, keep the card in its anti-static bag, and store it in
the original packing carton. 1 .I 0.1 Connecting cables
The following cable type is recommended for making input/
1.7.3 Shipment contents output connections to the Model 7016: RG223N.
The following items are included with every Model 7016 or- Other 50R cables may be used, bul keep in mind key pawn-
der: eters as such as maximum outside diameter, attenuation over
the desired frequency range, flexibility, and shield type. See
* Model 7016 5OQ GHz Multiplexer Card paragraph 3.5 in Section 3 for mom information on cable pa-
. Model 7016 Instruction Manual ramctcrs.
- Additional accessories as ordered
1.I 0.2 Terminating resistors
1.8 Instruction manual The following terminating resistor is recommended for use
with the Model 7016:
If an additional Model 7016 Instruction Manual is required,
order the manual package, Keithlcy pact number 7016.901. Type: Female SMB terminator
00. The manual package includes an instruction manual and Manufacturer: Sealecmo Corp.
any pertinent addenda.
Part number: 61-001-0101
Nominal resistance: 51 Q2,+I %.
Power dissipation: 2W
l-2
2
Connections and Installation
2.1 Introduction 2.3 Connections
WARNING This paragraph provides the information ncccssary 10 cow
necl your cxlernal test circuitry to the Model 7016.
The procedures in this section are in-
tended only for qualified service person-
nel. Do not perform these procedures 2.3.1 Simplified schematic
unless you are qualified to do so. Failure
to recognize and observe normal safety Figure 2-l shows a simpliticd schematic diagram or the
precautions could result in personal in- Model 7016. The card is arranged into two separate multi-
jury or death. plexers. each with four channels.
This section includes information on making connections to 2.3.2 Card configuration
the Model 7016 and installing the card in the Model 7001/ Figure 2-2 shows the general conliguration of the Model
7002 Switch System.
7016. Connectors include:
IN l-8 (channels l-8): Each input is equipped with an SMA
2.2 Handling precautions coaxial connector. The center conductor is the signal path,
while the outer shell connected to signal common.
To maintain high-impedance isolation between channels,
care should be taken when handling the card to avoid con- OUT A and OUT B: Each multiplexer is equipped with an
tamination from such foreign materials as body oils. Such SMA coaxial conocctor. The center conductor is the signal
contamination can reduce isolation rcsistancc. To avoid pos- path, and the shell is conncctcd to signal common.
sible. contamination, always grasp the card by the side edges
or covers. Do not touch board surfaces, components, or con- Termination jacks: Each channel has an SMB coaxial tcr-
nector insulators. minator jack. User-supplied 5OG terminators can bc con-
ncctcd to these jacks when a 5OQ nominal input impedance
Dirt build-up over a period of time is another possible source must bc maintained for off channels.
of contamination. To avoid this problem. operate the card in
a clean environment. If the cad becomes contaminated, it
should be thoroughly cleaned as explained in paragraph 4.2.
2-l
Figure 2-l
Model 7016 simplified schematic
Figure 2-2
Model 7016 configuration
2-2
Connections and lnstallatior~
2.3.3 Input/output connecting cables paragraph 3.S in Section 3 for more inSor-
mation.
All connections to the scanner card input and output jacks
should be made using SW coaxial cable equipped with
SMA connectors. The rccommcndcd cable type is RG223lU. 2.3.4 Typical connecting scheme
WARNING Figure 2-3 shows a typical connecting scbemc Sortbc Model
7016. In this arrangcmcnt. so~~rccsWC connccwd to lbc ill-
Make sure that power is off and external
puts while the mcesuring insrument is connected IU the ow
energy sources are discharged before puts.
connecting or disconnecting cables.
CAUTION
Maximum voltage from any terminal
NOTE
(center conductor or shield) to any other
500 cables most bc used to assure good terminal or chassis is 30V RMS. Exceed-
high-frcqucncy performance. RG22YU ing this value may result in card dam-
should be used for best performence. See age.
Figure 2-3
Typical connection scheme
2-3
2.3.5 Input termination 2.4 Card installation and removal
User-supplied SOQ female SMB terminators may bc in- This paragraph explains how to install and remove the Mod-
stalled lor applications requiring propcr 5OQ termination 01 cl 7016 card assembly from the Model 700117002 main-
off channels. Figure 2-4 shows typical installation of a 5OQ cramc.
terminator. Set paragraph I. IO in Section I for recommend-
cd terminators. Switching considerations in Section 1 dis- WARNING
cusses terminator aspects in more detail.
Installation or removal of the Model
NOTE 7016 should be performed only by qual-
ified service personnel. Failure to recog-
Be sure to observe the maximum power
handling capability of installed tcrmina- nize and observe standard safety
tars. The terminators recommcndcd in precautions could result in personal in-
Section 1 are limited to 2W even through jury or death.
the Model 7016 can switch up to IOW.
NOTE
To prevent performance degradation
caused by contamination, handle the card
only by the edges and co~crs.
Figure 2-4
2-4
2.4.1 Card installation 2.4.2 Card removal
Perform the following steps, and refer to I:igure 2-s or Fig- Follow the steps below to ~CIIWYC multiplcxor cud Sro,,,
the
ure 2-6 to inslall the card assembly in the Model 7OOl/7002 the mainframe:
mainframe.
WARNING
WAKNINC Turn off power to all instrumentation
Turn off power to all instrumentation (including the Model 7001/7002), and
(including the Model 7001/7002), and disconnect all line cords. Make sure all
disconnect all line cords. Make sure all power is removed and any stored energy
power is removed and any stored energy in external circuitry is discharged.
in external circuitry is discharged.
I. Pull out on the cjcctor arms until the card pulls fret from
I. Open the cjcctor arms at the back cdgc of the card. the intcrnal connccto~.
2. Slide the card cdgcs into the guide rails inside the main- 2. Carefully slide the card out or the switching mainirw~e.
frame.
3. Carefully push the card all the way forward until the
ejector arms engage the mounting cups.
4. Push in on the card edge and ejector arms until the card
is properly seated.
5. Make sure the ejector arms are properly latched.
2-s
Figure 2-6
Card installation in Model 7002
2-6
3
Operation
3.1 Introduction SELECT CHANNELS 2!4
This section contains basic information on using the Model To open a closed channel. simply press OPEN or OPES
7016 including signal limitations and switching considcr- ALL.
ations. For detailed mainframe operating inlbrmation, refer
to the Model 7001 or Model 7002 Instruction Manual. Channels arc organized into two multiplcxcr banks as fol-
IOWS:
3.2 Signal limitations Multiplcxcr A: channels I to 4
Multiplexer B: channels 5 to 8
CAUTION
You can also simultaneously close one chenncl in each mul-
To prevent damage to the Model 7016,
tiplexcr by including both channels in the channel list. For
do not exceed the maximum signal level
example, to close channels I and 5 of a card in slot I, enter
specifications of the card.
the following channel list at the prompt:
SELECTCHANNELS l!l, 1!5
To prevent over-heating or damage to the relays, never ex-
cccd the following maximum signal levels when using the (Note that channels arc separated by a cwnma, which can be
Model 7016: inserted by pressing either the ENTEK or right cursor key.)
* Maximum voltage: Any center conductor or shield to
any other center conductor or to chassis: 3OV. NOTE
* Maximum current: 0.5A per channel. To maintain 50R characteristic imped-
ance, close only one channel per multi-
- Maximum power: IOVA switched up to l.ZGHz. plexer simultaneously. Closing more than
one channel per multiplexer may cause
unexpected results. Program the Model
3.3 Front panel control 700117002 for restricted operation to
avoid closing more than one channel at a
3.3.1 Closing and opening channels time.
To close a Model 7016 multiplcxcr channel, simply key in
the CHANNEL assignment (l-g), then press the Model
Again, you can open closed channels with the OPEN or
7001/7002 CLOSE key. For example, to close channel 4 of a
OPEN ALL key. (OPEN opens only channels in the channel
Model 7016 installed in slot 2. key in the following channel
list while OPEN ALL opens all channels.)
list, and press CLOSE:
3-l
Oprration
3.3.2 Scanning channels The *RST command selects the default scan contiguratio",
while the second colnmand automatically sets the channel
To scan through channels, first configure a scan list, then pro- co""t to the number of channels in the scan list. The
gram the Model 700 I I7002 to perform a scan sequence. You :ROUT:SCAN command programs the scan list, and the
can creak a scan list in the same manner as you would a :INIT command takes the mainframe out of the idle state.
channel list. First, however, press the SCAN LIST key to se-
lect the "SCAN CHANNEL" mode, then enter the dcsircd For example, send the following commands to scan through
channels to be included in the scan list. For example, the iol- all eight channels of a Model 7016 installed in slot I:
lowing list scans channels I, 3. and 5 through 8 of a Model
7016 installed in slot 2: *RST
:TRIG:SEQ:COUN:AUT ON
SCAN CHANNELS 2!1, 2!3, 2!5-2!8 :ROUT:SCAN (@ I !I :I !8)
:INIT
Note that channels are scanned in the order they appear in the
scan list.
3.5 Switching considerations
To perform a manual scan, first select the RESET default
conditions in the SAVESETUP men" oi the main MENU. Signals passing through the Model 7016 5O!J GHz Multi-
Press STEP to take the mainframe o"t of the idle state, the" plexer Card are subject to various effects that can inlluence
manually scan through channels by pressing the STEP key. their characteristics. The following paragraphs discuss some
of these effects and ways to minimize them.
For infornxition on more complex scan sequences, refer to
the Model 7001 or 7002 Instruction Manual.
3.5.1 Card characteristics
Insertion loss: Insertion loss indicates signal power lost
3.4 IEEE-488 bus control
while passing through the card. This loss occurs in the var.
3.4.1 Closing and opening channels ous signal path components through the card (connectors,
PC board traces, and relays). The amount of power lost will,
Use the following SCPI commands to close and open chan- of course, depend on the particular insertion loss specifica-
nels: tion as well as the applied power. For example, with a" inser-
tion loss of ldB, and a 1OW source signal applied to the card,
:CLOS
about 2W will be dissipated in the card, and approximately
:OPEN 4isu I ALL
8W will appear at the load. Note that, as with most transmis-
For example, the following command will close channels 2 sion lines, Model 7016 insertion loss values increase with in-
and 6 of a Model 7016 installed in slot I: creasing frequency.
:CLOS (@ 1!2, 1!6) Capacitance: Model 7016 capacitance values arc sufficient-
ly small to be of little concern in most applications. In some
Conversely, either of the commands below will open previ- applications (primarily with pulse signals where capacitance
ously closed channels 2 and 6: can affect rise limes), capacitance may be a factor. Typical
:OPEN (@ 1!2, 1!6) Model 7016 center-to-shield capacitance is 60pF.
:OPEN ALL
Crosstalk: Crosstalk figures indicate the amount of signal
leakage between channels or switches on the card. With sim-
3.4.2 Scanning channels ilar power levels applied to the various channels, crosstalk
will be of little consequence. With widely different power
There are a number of commands associated with scanning. levels, however, crosstalk may produced undesired results.
However, you can perform a simple scan "sing only the fol- For example, assume that IOW is applied to channel 1, and
lowing four commands: ImW is applied to channel 2. Assuming a -55dB crosstalk
figure, the unwanted signal coupled from channel 1 to than-
*RST "el2 will be only 15dB below the desired channel 2 signal.
:TRIG:SEQ:COlJN:AUT ON
:ROUT:SCAN
:INIT
3-2
VSWR: The term VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is power transfer. For cxamplc, if a 50R cable is terminated
ddincd as the ratio of the maximum and minimum voltages with 1008, the reflection coefficient is 0.33, the VSWR in-
along a transmission path, and it indicates the degree of im- creases to 2, and the return loss is rcduccd to less then IOdR.
pcdancc mismatch. In a pericctly match system, the VSWR
is 1, while open and shorted paths have infinite VSWR val- Proper termination of off channels may also bc important in
ues. Since VSWR is related to both the return loss and rcllcc- many casts. For cxamplc. a 75MHz source signal will xc a
tion coefficient, VSWR figures indicate the dcgrec of signal Im open cable as an RF short, B situation that could damage
loss and rcllcction; the Iowa the VSWR ligure, the less sig- some equipment. To alleviate such problems. the Model
nal atlcnuation that occurs along the transmission path. 7016 has provisions for on-card instidlation ol'5OQ SMR tcr-
minators. (See paragraph 2.3.5 in Section 2 for details oo itI-
Path isolation resistance: The path isolation rcsistancc is stalling terminators.) Bc sure to observe tbe power-tundling
simply the equivalent resistance between two given connect- capabilities of such terminators as most are limited to sub-
ing points on the card and is of importance primarily for DC stantially less power than tbc IOW capability of the :Modcl
and low-frcqucncy AC signals switched by the card. The ef- 7016.
fects of this characteristic depend on the paxticular isolation
specilication. Center-to-shield isolation resistance, for cx- Distributed capacitance: The distributed capacitencc of tbc
ample, may cause loading problems with signals having high cable may be a factor. but generally only for pulse type sig-
source rcsistancc. Channel-to-channel isolation resistance nals where rise times are a consideration. The recommended
may result in leakage currents gcncratcd in one channel RG223N cable. for cxamplc. bas a nominal distributed ca-
caused by a voltage source connected to another channel. pacitance of30.8pFlli
Cable connectors: Cable connectors UC an obvious ncccssi-
3.5.2 Cable characteristics ty to conveniently make signal connections to various points
in a switching system. While cooncctor designs arc opti-
Characteristic impedance (Z,): Characteristic impedance mized for best pcrformence, some small impcdancc Miss
is the value of cable impcdancc obtained by an RF meesure- match at connecting points is virtually inevitable. For that
ment at either end. For cxamplc. B cable with a 5OQ charac- nxson, it is considered good practice to minimize the nun
teristic impedance is equivalent to a 5051 resistor with ber of connectors used in a transmission path, cspccially at
sufficient length to connect two components. (The character- higher frequencies.
istic impedance of a cable depends on the relative diameters
of the inner and outer conductors, as well as on the dielectric
constant of the insulating material.) Since the Model 7016 is 3.6 Applications
designed to work with 50R cables, you must use 5On cables
to assure proper impcdancc matching. (RG223N cable is The Model 7016 is designed primarily lor RF switching ap-
recommended.) Mismatching anywhere along the transmis- plications at frequencies up to I .3GHz. The following par+
sion path will increase VSWR and signal reflections, de- graphs discuss typical RF applications for tbc Model 7016.
crease return loss, and consequently result in signal including multiplexer expansion. liltcr testing. and d&cc
attenuation. impcdancc testing.
Cable attenuation: Cable attenuation is analogous to inser-
tion loss of the card itself in that it delincs the dcgrec of at- 3.6.1 Multiplexer expansion
tcnuation of the signal as it passes through the cable. Cable
attenuation factors are generally given in dB per 100 ft. and The simplest way to connect the two Model 7016 multiplcx-
increase with rising frequency. The recommended RG223N ers together for expansion is to USC classic "T" conligura-
the
cable has attenuation factors of 8.8dB/lOO ft. @ 400MHz lion shown in Figure 3. I. Note that this conliguration results
and 16.5dB/lOO ft. @ IGHz. Thus, with a IOW. IGHz signal in a I -of-K multiplexer. Although this conliguration is useful
applied to IO ft. of RG223N, 3.16W will be dissipated in the in many applications. the ideal 5OQ characteristic impedance
cable, and 6.84W will be passed on to the card or load. will not be maintained. Consequently, VSWR will increase.
affecting card insertion loss, particularly at higher frcqucn-
Cable termination: Proper cable termination is imperative ties. Also, considerable transmission path rellcctions will
to ensure maximum signal transfer and to minimize VSWR occur, an important consideration when switching pulse sig-
and signal rellcctions. In the case of Model 7016 operation, llals.
both source and load impedances should he as close to SOR
as possible to assure optimum matching and thus maximum
3-3
Figure 3-l
"T" connecf*r multiplexer expansion
3-4
The proper way to connect the two Model 7016 multiplcxers provides a convenient way to connect Sour DUTs to fwr dif-
together is shown in Figurc 3-2. Hcrc, the two outputs arc fcrenl test instruments. Also, this method maintains the prop-
connected togclhcr using a short coaxial cable. Note that this er 509 charactetistic impcdancc liroptimum bandwidth and
connection scheme cSfcctively lorms a 4 x 4 matrix, and it minimal signal loss and rcllections.
3-5
3.6.2 Filter testing
Filter frequency rcsponsc and phase characteristics are key
circuit parameters that often require testing. The Model 7016
may be used in conjunction with a network analyzer to test
multiple filters on an automated basis.
Figure 3-3 shows a typical circuil configuration for testing
four filters. Note that the network analyzer input is connected
to the output of one Model 7016 multiplexers. One tcrminal
of each DUT is connected to a corresponding Model 7016
channel, while the remaining DUT terminals ax connected
in common to the network analyzer output port.
The basic configuration shown in Figure 3-3 may also be
used for a variety ofolhcr tests. For example, the same gen-
cral scheme may be used to test amplifier S-parameters.
3.6.3 Impedance testing
Figure 3.4 shows the general circuit conliguration for device
impedance testing using the Model 7016 along with an im-
pedancc or LCZ meter, such as a Kcithley Model 3321,
3322, or 3330. Since /I-wire connections are required for
such measurements, two Model 7016 cards are necessary for
this application. Each multiplexer switchcs one of the four
required signal paths to the DUTs.
Since the characteristics of the Model 7016 may affect mea-
sured DUT impedance, steps should be taken to null out the
residual affects of stray capacitance and inductance. Most
LCZ meters have provisions for both open and short zeroing
procedures to minimize these effects. For optimum accuracy,
the zeroing procedure should be carried out independently
for each channel.
Figure 3-3
Filter testing
3-6
Figure 3-4
Impedance testing
3-7
Service Information
4.1 Introduction * Do not touch areas adjacent to clccric;d cootacts.
- When servicing the card, wear clean cotton glows.
This section contains information necessary to service the
Model 7016 and includes information on handling and clcan- - Do not store or operate the card in an cnvironmcnt
ing, performance verilication, as well as principles of opcra- whcrc dust could settlc on the circuit board.
tion and troubleshooting. * Use dry nitrogen gas to clean dust off the board if ncc-
essuy.
WARNING
The information in this section is in-
4.2.2 Soldering considerations
tended only for qualified service person-
nel. Some of the procedures may expose Should it become necessary to USCsolder on the circuit
you to hazardous voltages that could re- board, observe the following precautions:
sult in personal injury or death. Do not
- Use an OA-based (organic activated) flux. and take care
perform these procedures unless you are
not to spread the flux to other areas of the circuit board.
qualified to do so.
* Remove the flux Srom the work ilrcas when the repair
has been completed. Use pure water along with clean
cotton swabs or a clean soft brush to remove the Ilux.
4.2 Handling and cleaning precautions
* Once the flux has been removed, swab only the repaired
Because of the high-impedance areas on the Model 7016, arca with methanol. then blow dry the hoard with dry
care should be taken when handling or servicing the card to nitrogen gas.
prevent possible contamination. The following precautions * After cleaning, allow the card to dry in a 50