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File name:Digital Processes.pdf
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Digital Processes Digital Scanning Basic concepts Analog Machines Example: Model A219 Digital Scanning Image Processing Printing An exposure lamp illuminates the original. Mirrors reflect light from the original directly onto the a219d507.wmf photoconductor. This light writes a latent image on the photoconductor. This image is then developed with toner and transferred to the copy paper. 1 April 2001 8-Jul-99 Page 186 Digital Processes Digital Scanning Digital Machines Example: Model A193 a193v505.wmf The big difference with scanners in digital machines is that the light reflected from the original does not pass directly to the photoconductor. The light is reflected onto a light-sensitive element, such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device). This device converts the light into an analog electrical signal. Circuits inside the machine convert this signal into a digital signal. This signal then passes to a laser diode, which emits a laser beam to write a latent image on the photoconductor. So, in a digital machine, there is a lot of electronics between the light reflected off the original and the light arriving at the photoconductor. 1 April 2001 Page 187 Digital Processes Digital Scanning Digital Signals Digital signals consist of binary code. When scanning an original, binary code is used to represent the brightness of each pixel of the image. In the most simple of systems, there are only two values for each pixel: 0 and 1, for black and white. However, most machines use 4 or 8 bits. In a four-bit system, there are 16 possible values for each pixel. This allows black, white, and 14 shades of grey in between. Similarly, in an eight-bit system, there are 256 possible values for each pixel. This allows black, white, and 254 shades of grey in between (see the diagram). digdata.wmf 1 April 2001 Page 188 Digital Processes Digital Scanning Digital Images Overview Analog machines transfer an optical image of the original directly onto the photoconductor. Digital machines break the image up into small dots, known as picture elements, or pixels for short. The example shows the image that the machine builds up of a fax machine test chart. This may seem to be a rather inaccurate representation. However, digital signals can be manipulated to enhance the image and create special effects. Also, digital images can be used immediately, or stored for later use (see Image Files). The size of the pixels (smaller pixels yield greater `resolution') depends on several factors related to the scanner and printer hardware. (The software may also be set up to alter the resolution in various ways, but we shall look at hardware in this section.) 1 April 2001 testchrt.wmf Page 189 Digital Processes Digital Scanning Scanner Resolution There are two points to consider: the image detector (typically a CCD) and the scanner motor CCD The CCD (charge-coupled device) is a line of photosensitive elements. The output of the CCD represents one line across the page. Ea

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