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Agilent Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Noise Figure Measurements Application Note 57-1 Table of Contents 1. What is Noise Figure? ...3 Introduction ...3 The importance of noise in communication systems ...4 Sources of noise...5 The concept of noise figure ...6 Noise figure and noise temperature...7 2. Noise Characteristics of Two-Port Networks ...8 The noise figure of multi-stage systems ...8 Gain and mismatch ...9 Noise parameters ...9 The effect of bandwidth...10 3. The Measurement of Noise Figure ...11 Noise power linearity ...11 Noise sources ...11 The Y-factor method ...12 The signal generator twice-power method ...13 The direct noise measurement method ...13 Corrected noise figure and gain ...14 Jitter ...14 Frequency converters ...15 Loss ...15 Lo noise ...15 Lo leakage...15 Unwanted responses ...15 Noise figure measuring instruments ...16 Noise figure analyzers ...